Maureen Sedonaen, CEO of Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco, stands in the vacant Redwood City lot where the nonprofit is looking to build new affordable housing. (Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)
M
ore than a year ago, Redwood City approved the kind of affordable housing project California desperately needs: a 20-unit building, downtown, near transit lines, in the heart of Silicon Valley, where the state’s housing crisis is most severe. The developer was a nonprofit, Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco.
But today the lot remains vacant, except for a row of portable toilets, a trailer and a dumpster.
An attorney who works out of a two-story home behind the lot filed a lawsuit against the project last year, and it has since been stalled. He contends the city’s approval of the apartments violated a sweeping, decades-old environmental law, because the building could increase traffic. The Habitat building could also block the view from his home’s rear windows.
Is he using the law to preserve California’s natural beauty, or is he merely denying someone else’s affordable home?
For critics of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), this case is a poster child for the need for reform. Signed by Gov. Ronald Reagan in 1970 and often referred to as “see-kwuh,” the law calls for “preventing environmental damage, while providing a decent home and satisfying living environment for every Californian.”
Sponsored
Environmentalists say CEQA does just that, supplying some of the strongest protection and transparency in the nation.
“CEQA is the fundamental law in California for environmental protection that also protects the right of the public to be informed about projects that are going into our neighborhood,” said David Pettit, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council.
But critics, particularly developers, say court decisions and opportunists have broadened and weaponized the law so it actively impedes housing, particularly in urban areas.
"This is not about the environment," said Jennifer Hernandez, an attorney at Holland & Knight and one of the state’s most vocal advocates for change to the law. "This signature environmental law is being hijacked to advance economic interests."
'Conscience of the Community'
CEQA requires that new public and private projects undergo rigorous reviews to prove they will not cause significant harm to the existing environment. If they will cause harm, developers can be forced to pay to mitigate it.
Government agencies and planning departments certify projects have complied with the law when approved. But CEQA relies on another, atypical enforcement mechanism that critics call unbalanced: the public.
Anyone can file a lawsuit saying that a project has violated the approval process, even without disclosing their identities.
“CEQA lawsuits can be filed anonymously. And they can be filed by people who have only economic competition at stake,” said Hernandez, whose firm is defending Habitat pro bono. “They can be filed by competitors, unions — frankly, racist neighbors. Anybody.”
Hernandez analyzed CEQA lawsuits in the Bay Area over a three-year period and found prominent environmental groups brought only 13 percent of the cases.
The lawsuit against Habitat for Humanity is Geoff Carr’s second, and the fourth he’s threatened. He’s an attorney who specializes in criminal defense, not environmental law. But he’s becoming something of an expert.
Inside his law office, he points to a high-rise building across the street. “We got in late to fight that one,” he said of his CEQA threat against the apartments, “and we only got a floor off it and a little bit of change.”
Across the street from Habitat’s vacant lot, a developer canceled a 91-unit condo project outright. Carr said he threatened a CEQA suit and that once the developer "found out we were going to the mat with him," he pulled the plug.
But Carr is most proud of a building down the block from his office, across the street from Redwood City’s historic courthouse.
The developer in that case, Steve Dostart, wanted to build a large office building. But Carr, who called the original plan "another plastic piece of crap," said they negotiated a smaller, eight-story building.
“We were the conscience of the community,” Carr said. "We gave and they gave, and I think they got an award for that building." Dostart has said that the negotiated building is an improvement on the original proposal, according to a local media outlet.
For Carr, CEQA is the best tool to defend against what he sees as greedy developers and complacent city officials.
“I don’t want to be too pejorative about the City Council of Redwood City, but I hate them,” he said. “They’re small-minded peeves, unfortunately.”
Maureen Sedonaen, CEO of the Habitat for Humanity chapter, said Carr’s actions are not simply impeding encroaching development: They hurt needy residents.
“It’s always easy to think about ‘It’s a lot and it’s a project and we’re stopping it,’ but we’re talking about 20 families being able to permanently stay in the Bay Area,” she said.
Redwood City has sought to streamline housing approvals downtown in recent years by preemptively performing the in-depth environmental analysis CEQA requires, as part of a larger development plan. The city can declare that projects conform to the plan and are exempt from performing their own analysis -- a common tactic by local governments to encourage development.
But citizens can still sue those exemptions.
“The thing that works is you have to find some way where they’re violating their own plan, and it’s not that hard to do,” Carr said.
Hernandez said it’s so easy for plaintiffs to win that a project’s funding will immediately freeze once a suit is filed.
That’s partially because of the law’s sweeping definition of “environment,” which she sums up this way: “The view from a parking lot is a scenic vista protected under CEQA. ... My environment is where I get to park, and what I get to look at through my front window, and if you change that, I’m going to object and I’m going to use CEQA.”
Habitat for Humanity fronts its own money, and Sedonaen said she may greenlight construction on the Redwood City building even before the lawsuit is resolved. That’s a gamble. Losing a CEQA case can force a project to restart the approval process from scratch, sucking up time and money.
In the meantime, she said the price continues to rise anyway. The nonprofit originally estimated the project would cost $13 million. That has now risen to $17 million.
“The delay in this process has cost us several million dollars out of a nonprofit's pocket that we could be putting toward another housing development, and shame on the people that are doing it,” Sedonaen said.
‘A Challenge Every Step of the Way’
Critics contend that CEQA is the most significant factor in California's housing-affordability crisis -- but the data do not show that.
UC Berkeley environmental law professor Eric Biber is part of a team researching the barriers to new housing in California. The initial leg of the study looked at projects with five units or more approved in five Bay Area cities, how long it took for their approval, and what steps the cities required.
In San Francisco, Oakland, Redwood City, Palo Alto and San Jose, Biber said CEQA was not an overriding obstacle.
“I think it probably gets more attention than it deserves,” he said. “I like to think of CEQA as a symptom, not a cause of the underlying challenges we face in producing more housing in urban areas in California.”
Out of 254 projects approved over a three-year period, only seven faced CEQA lawsuits, according to the study’s most recent data, which is still preliminary. Most of those suits also allege other non-CEQA violations of state zoning and planning law.
In other words, the environmental law that has drawn so much ire from developers is used to litigate only a small portion of projects and, without it, those projects would likely end up in court anyway.
Biber thinks the barriers to development are more philosophical: Landowners are often resistant to new development near them.
“The reason that CEQA is both triggered and used as a lawsuit is to respond to underlying political fights at the local level about development,” Biber said. “And those political fights would occur anyway.”
The stalled Habitat for Humanity project in downtown Redwood City conforms to Biber’s findings almost perfectly. The lawsuit alleges violations of CEQA, but also other state zoning and planning law. And the project’s developer, despite building throughout the Bay Area for almost three decades, has rarely faced a CEQA lawsuit. In fact, Sedonaen said this is Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco’s first.
“It’s so unique,” Sedonaen said. “We’ve never had a project stopped for this reason, and we’ve never had a CEQA lawsuit used against us in our history.”
The project faced other obstacles prior to the lawsuit. To win approval from the city, it has shrunk significantly from what Sedonaen envisioned in 2014. The six-story building is less than half the size of the original proposal.
“It’s been a challenge every step of the way,” Sedonaen said.
Biber said paring back CEQA would do little to change the political dynamics that drive up the cost of projects in cities, but could remove a check on development in less densely populated areas of the state. Put another way: It could promote sprawl.
“I don’t think you’d see a major moving of the lever on [urban] development,” Biber said. “But you might open up for a lot more sprawling development that would significantly undermine the state’s climate goals.”
But Sedonaen and Hernandez think his findings do not capture how heavily the threat of litigation weighs on urban developers, starting when they propose projects.
“We have to pick projects where we don’t think this is going to happen,” Sedonaen said.
Studies have tracked the number of approved projects and filed lawsuits, for instance, but not threats of lawsuits used to win concessions or canceled projects.
Hernandez suggests the threats outnumber the actual lawsuits, comparing CEQA abuse to an iceberg. “The filed lawsuits are the tip,” she said. “Underneath the surface is the 90 percent of the iceberg, and it’s why we’ll spend three years trying to get a project approved. And every one of those days adds to the cost of housing.”
Ben Bradford is state government reporter for Capital Public Radio.
The California Dream series is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.
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Law Protecting the State's Beauty or Blocking Affordable Housing?","title":"Is California's Legacy Environmental Law Protecting the State's Beauty or Blocking Affordable Housing?","headTitle":"The California Dream | The California Report | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>[dropcap]M[/dropcap]ore than a year ago, Redwood City approved the kind of affordable housing project California desperately needs: a 20-unit building, downtown, near transit lines, in the heart of Silicon Valley, where the state’s housing crisis is most severe. The developer was a nonprofit, Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today the lot remains vacant, except for a row of portable toilets, a trailer and a dumpster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An attorney who works out of a two-story home behind the lot filed a lawsuit against the project last year, and it has since been stalled. He contends the city’s approval of the apartments violated a sweeping, decades-old environmental law, because the building could increase traffic. The Habitat building could also block the view from his home’s rear windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is he using the law to preserve California’s natural beauty, or is he merely denying someone else’s affordable home?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For critics of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), this case is a poster child for the need for reform. Signed by Gov. Ronald Reagan in 1970 and often referred to as “see-kwuh,” the law calls for “preventing environmental damage, while providing a decent home and satisfying living environment for every Californian.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists say CEQA does just that, supplying some of the strongest protection and transparency in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CEQA is the fundamental law in California for environmental protection that also protects the right of the public to be informed about projects that are going into our neighborhood,” said David Pettit, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics, particularly developers, say court decisions and opportunists have broadened and weaponized the law so it actively impedes housing, particularly in urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is not about the environment,\" said Jennifer Hernandez, an attorney at Holland & Knight and one of the state’s most vocal advocates for change to the law. \"This signature environmental law is being hijacked to advance economic interests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'Conscience of the Community'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>CEQA requires that new public and private projects undergo rigorous reviews to prove they will not cause significant harm to the existing environment. If they will cause harm, developers can be forced to pay to mitigate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Government agencies and planning departments certify projects have complied with the law when approved. But CEQA relies on another, atypical enforcement mechanism that critics call unbalanced: the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone can file a lawsuit saying that a project has violated the approval process, even without disclosing their identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679843\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-800x1046.jpg\" alt=\"This state chart shows the processes projects must go through to obtain approval, as well as exemptions, under CEQA.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1046\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-160x209.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-240x314.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-375x490.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-520x680.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This state chart shows the processes projects must go through to obtain approval, as well as exemptions, under CEQA. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of California Resources Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“CEQA lawsuits can be filed anonymously. And they can be filed by people who have only economic competition at stake,” said Hernandez, whose firm is defending Habitat pro bono. “They can be filed by competitors, unions — frankly, racist neighbors. Anybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez \u003ca href=\"https://www.hklaw.com/publications/in-the-name-of-the-environment-litigation-abuse-under-ceqa-august-2015/\">analyzed CEQA lawsuits \u003c/a>in the Bay Area over a three-year period and found prominent environmental groups brought only 13 percent of the cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The delay in this process has cost several million dollars out of a nonprofit's pocket that we could be putting toward another housing development, and shame on the people that are doing it.'\u003ccite>Maureen Sedonaen, Habitat for Humanity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit against Habitat for Humanity is Geoff Carr’s second, and the fourth he’s threatened. He’s an attorney who specializes in criminal defense, not environmental law. But he’s becoming something of an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside his law office, he points to a high-rise building across the street. “We got in late to fight that one,” he said of his CEQA threat against the apartments, “and we only got a floor off it and a little bit of change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the street from Habitat’s vacant lot, a developer canceled a 91-unit condo project outright. Carr said he threatened a CEQA suit and that once the developer \"found out we were going to the mat with him,\" he pulled the plug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carr is most proud of a building down the block from his office, across the street from Redwood City’s historic courthouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The developer in that case, Steve Dostart, wanted to build a large office building. But Carr, who called the original plan \"another plastic piece of crap,\" said they negotiated a smaller, eight-story building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were the conscience of the community,” Carr said. \"We gave and they gave, and I think they got an award for that building.\" Dostart has said that the negotiated building is an improvement on the original proposal, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/11/17/after-redesign-dostart-developments-601-marshall.html\">a local media outlet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-800x580.jpg\" alt=\"Geoff Carr, a criminal defense attorney in Redwood City, has challenged or threatened to challenge several developments in his neighborhood, using CEQA.\" width=\"800\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-800x580.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-1020x739.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-1200x869.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-1180x855.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-960x696.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-375x272.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geoff Carr, a criminal defense attorney in Redwood City, has challenged or threatened to challenge several developments in his neighborhood, using CEQA. \u003ccite>(Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Carr, CEQA is the best tool to defend against what he sees as greedy developers and complacent city officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be too pejorative about the City Council of Redwood City, but I hate them,” he said. “They’re small-minded peeves, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maureen Sedonaen, CEO of the Habitat for Humanity chapter, said Carr’s actions are not simply impeding encroaching development: They hurt needy residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always easy to think about ‘It’s a lot and it’s a project and we’re stopping it,’ but we’re talking about 20 families being able to permanently stay in the Bay Area,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood City has sought to streamline housing approvals downtown in recent years by preemptively performing the in-depth environmental analysis CEQA requires, as part of a larger development plan. The city can declare that projects conform to the plan and are exempt from performing their own analysis -- a common tactic by local governments to encourage development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But citizens can still sue those exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that works is you have to find some way where they’re violating their own plan, and it’s not that hard to do,” Carr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-800x575.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat for Humanity received city approval to build a six-story affordable housing project on this vacant lot more than a year ago. The project is stalled due to a CEQA lawsuit.\" width=\"800\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-800x575.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-1020x733.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-1200x863.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-1180x848.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-960x690.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-240x173.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-375x270.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-520x374.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Habitat for Humanity received city approval to build a six-story affordable housing project on this vacant lot more than a year ago. The project is stalled due to a CEQA lawsuit. \u003ccite>(Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hernandez said it’s so easy for plaintiffs to win that a project’s funding will immediately freeze once a suit is filed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partially because of the law’s sweeping definition of “environment,” which she sums up this way: “The view from a parking lot is a scenic vista protected under CEQA. ... My environment is where I get to park, and what I get to look at through my front window, and if you change that, I’m going to object and I’m going to use CEQA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat for Humanity fronts its own money, and Sedonaen said she may greenlight construction on the Redwood City building even before the lawsuit is resolved. That’s a gamble. Losing a CEQA case can force a project to restart the approval process from scratch, sucking up time and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think [CEQA] probably gets more attention than it deserves. I like to think of it as a symptom, not a cause of the underlying challenges we face in producing more housing in urban areas in California.'\u003ccite>Eric Biber, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, she said the price continues to rise anyway. The nonprofit originally estimated the project would cost $13 million. That has now risen to $17 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The delay in this process has cost us several million dollars out of a nonprofit's pocket that we could be putting toward another housing development, and shame on the people that are doing it,” Sedonaen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘A Challenge Every Step of the Way’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Critics contend that CEQA is the most significant factor in California's housing-affordability crisis -- but the data do not show that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley environmental law professor Eric Biber is part of a team researching the barriers to new housing in California. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Getting_It_Right.pdf\">initial leg\u003c/a> of the study looked at projects with five units or more approved in five Bay Area cities, how long it took for their approval, and what steps the cities required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, Oakland, Redwood City, Palo Alto and San Jose, Biber said CEQA was not an overriding obstacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679886\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679886\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Biber is an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley, who is researching barriers to housing in California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-1020x726.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-1200x854.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Biber is an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley, who is researching barriers to housing in California. \u003ccite>(Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it probably gets more attention than it deserves,” he said. “I like to think of CEQA as a symptom, not a cause of the underlying challenges we face in producing more housing in urban areas in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of 254 projects approved over a three-year period, only seven faced CEQA lawsuits, according to the study’s most recent data, which is still preliminary. Most of those suits also allege other non-CEQA violations of state zoning and planning law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the environmental law that has drawn so much ire from developers is used to litigate only a small portion of projects and, without it, those projects would likely end up in court anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biber thinks the barriers to development are more philosophical: Landowners are often resistant to new development near them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that CEQA is both triggered and used as a lawsuit is to respond to underlying political fights at the local level about development,” Biber said. “And those political fights would occur anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stalled Habitat for Humanity project in downtown Redwood City conforms to Biber’s findings almost perfectly. The lawsuit alleges violations of CEQA, but also other state zoning and planning law. And the project’s developer, despite building throughout the Bay Area for almost three decades, has rarely faced a CEQA lawsuit. In fact, Sedonaen said this is Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco’s first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so unique,” Sedonaen said. “We’ve never had a project stopped for this reason, and we’ve never had a CEQA lawsuit used against us in our history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faced other obstacles prior to the lawsuit. To win approval from the city, it has shrunk significantly from what Sedonaen envisioned in 2014. The six-story building is less than half the size of the original proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a challenge every step of the way,” Sedonaen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biber said paring back CEQA would do little to change the political dynamics that drive up the cost of projects in cities, but could remove a check on development in less densely populated areas of the state. Put another way: It could promote sprawl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you’d see a major moving of the lever on [urban] development,” Biber said. “But you might open up for a lot more sprawling development that would significantly undermine the state’s climate goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sedonaen and Hernandez think his findings do not capture how heavily the threat of litigation weighs on urban developers, starting when they propose projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to pick projects where we don’t think this is going to happen,” Sedonaen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have tracked the number of approved projects and filed lawsuits, for instance, but not threats of lawsuits used to win concessions or canceled projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez suggests the threats outnumber the actual lawsuits, comparing CEQA abuse to an iceberg. “The filed lawsuits are the tip,” she said. “Underneath the surface is the 90 percent of the iceberg, and it’s why we’ll spend three years trying to get a project approved. And every one of those days adds to the cost of housing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ben Bradford is state government reporter for Capital Public Radio. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11660142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1867\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg 1867w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-160x44.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1020x280.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1180x324.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-960x263.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-240x66.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-375x103.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-520x143.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1867px) 100vw, 1867px\">\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"11679835 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11679835","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/07/10/is-californias-legacy-environmental-law-protecting-the-states-beauty-or-blocking-affordable-housing/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":2081,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":55},"modified":1531261989,"excerpt":"Habitat for Humanity wants to build affordable housing in Redwood City, but a nearby resident is using the California Environmental Quality Act to stop the apartments.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Habitat for Humanity wants to build affordable housing in Redwood City, but a nearby resident is using the California Environmental Quality Act to stop the apartments.","title":"Is California's Legacy Environmental Law Protecting the State's Beauty or Blocking Affordable Housing? | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Is California's Legacy Environmental Law Protecting the State's Beauty or Blocking Affordable Housing?","datePublished":"2018-07-10T15:02:50-07:00","dateModified":"2018-07-10T15:33:09-07:00","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAMain-1020x709.jpg","isAccessibleForFree":"True","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"byline_news_11679835","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_news_11679835","name":"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/about/bios/ben-bradford/\">Ben Bradford\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","isLoading":false}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAMain-1020x709.jpg","width":1020,"mimeType":"image/jpeg","height":709},"ogImageWidth":"1020","ogImageHeight":"709","twitterImageUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAMain-1020x709.jpg","twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAMain-1020x709.jpg","width":1020,"mimeType":"image/jpeg","height":709},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["affordable housing","ceqa","Redwood City"]}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-californias-legacy-environmental-law-protecting-the-states-beauty-or-blocking-affordable-housing","status":"publish","sourceUrl":"http://www.capradio.org/","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/about/bios/ben-bradford/\">Ben Bradford\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","source":"Capital Public Radio","path":"/news/11679835/is-californias-legacy-environmental-law-protecting-the-states-beauty-or-blocking-affordable-housing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">M\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ore than a year ago, Redwood City approved the kind of affordable housing project California desperately needs: a 20-unit building, downtown, near transit lines, in the heart of Silicon Valley, where the state’s housing crisis is most severe. The developer was a nonprofit, Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today the lot remains vacant, except for a row of portable toilets, a trailer and a dumpster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An attorney who works out of a two-story home behind the lot filed a lawsuit against the project last year, and it has since been stalled. He contends the city’s approval of the apartments violated a sweeping, decades-old environmental law, because the building could increase traffic. The Habitat building could also block the view from his home’s rear windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is he using the law to preserve California’s natural beauty, or is he merely denying someone else’s affordable home?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For critics of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), this case is a poster child for the need for reform. Signed by Gov. Ronald Reagan in 1970 and often referred to as “see-kwuh,” the law calls for “preventing environmental damage, while providing a decent home and satisfying living environment for every Californian.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists say CEQA does just that, supplying some of the strongest protection and transparency in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CEQA is the fundamental law in California for environmental protection that also protects the right of the public to be informed about projects that are going into our neighborhood,” said David Pettit, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics, particularly developers, say court decisions and opportunists have broadened and weaponized the law so it actively impedes housing, particularly in urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is not about the environment,\" said Jennifer Hernandez, an attorney at Holland & Knight and one of the state’s most vocal advocates for change to the law. \"This signature environmental law is being hijacked to advance economic interests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'Conscience of the Community'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>CEQA requires that new public and private projects undergo rigorous reviews to prove they will not cause significant harm to the existing environment. If they will cause harm, developers can be forced to pay to mitigate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Government agencies and planning departments certify projects have complied with the law when approved. But CEQA relies on another, atypical enforcement mechanism that critics call unbalanced: the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone can file a lawsuit saying that a project has violated the approval process, even without disclosing their identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679843\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-800x1046.jpg\" alt=\"This state chart shows the processes projects must go through to obtain approval, as well as exemptions, under CEQA.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1046\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-160x209.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-240x314.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-375x490.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/CEQAFlowChart800-520x680.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This state chart shows the processes projects must go through to obtain approval, as well as exemptions, under CEQA. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of California Resources Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“CEQA lawsuits can be filed anonymously. And they can be filed by people who have only economic competition at stake,” said Hernandez, whose firm is defending Habitat pro bono. “They can be filed by competitors, unions — frankly, racist neighbors. Anybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez \u003ca href=\"https://www.hklaw.com/publications/in-the-name-of-the-environment-litigation-abuse-under-ceqa-august-2015/\">analyzed CEQA lawsuits \u003c/a>in the Bay Area over a three-year period and found prominent environmental groups brought only 13 percent of the cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The delay in this process has cost several million dollars out of a nonprofit's pocket that we could be putting toward another housing development, and shame on the people that are doing it.'\u003ccite>Maureen Sedonaen, Habitat for Humanity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit against Habitat for Humanity is Geoff Carr’s second, and the fourth he’s threatened. He’s an attorney who specializes in criminal defense, not environmental law. But he’s becoming something of an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside his law office, he points to a high-rise building across the street. “We got in late to fight that one,” he said of his CEQA threat against the apartments, “and we only got a floor off it and a little bit of change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the street from Habitat’s vacant lot, a developer canceled a 91-unit condo project outright. Carr said he threatened a CEQA suit and that once the developer \"found out we were going to the mat with him,\" he pulled the plug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carr is most proud of a building down the block from his office, across the street from Redwood City’s historic courthouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The developer in that case, Steve Dostart, wanted to build a large office building. But Carr, who called the original plan \"another plastic piece of crap,\" said they negotiated a smaller, eight-story building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were the conscience of the community,” Carr said. \"We gave and they gave, and I think they got an award for that building.\" Dostart has said that the negotiated building is an improvement on the original proposal, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/11/17/after-redesign-dostart-developments-601-marshall.html\">a local media outlet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-800x580.jpg\" alt=\"Geoff Carr, a criminal defense attorney in Redwood City, has challenged or threatened to challenge several developments in his neighborhood, using CEQA.\" width=\"800\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-800x580.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-1020x739.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-1200x869.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-1180x855.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-960x696.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-375x272.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/GeoffCarr-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geoff Carr, a criminal defense attorney in Redwood City, has challenged or threatened to challenge several developments in his neighborhood, using CEQA. \u003ccite>(Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Carr, CEQA is the best tool to defend against what he sees as greedy developers and complacent city officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be too pejorative about the City Council of Redwood City, but I hate them,” he said. “They’re small-minded peeves, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maureen Sedonaen, CEO of the Habitat for Humanity chapter, said Carr’s actions are not simply impeding encroaching development: They hurt needy residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always easy to think about ‘It’s a lot and it’s a project and we’re stopping it,’ but we’re talking about 20 families being able to permanently stay in the Bay Area,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood City has sought to streamline housing approvals downtown in recent years by preemptively performing the in-depth environmental analysis CEQA requires, as part of a larger development plan. The city can declare that projects conform to the plan and are exempt from performing their own analysis -- a common tactic by local governments to encourage development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But citizens can still sue those exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that works is you have to find some way where they’re violating their own plan, and it’s not that hard to do,” Carr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-800x575.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat for Humanity received city approval to build a six-story affordable housing project on this vacant lot more than a year ago. The project is stalled due to a CEQA lawsuit.\" width=\"800\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-800x575.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-1020x733.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-1200x863.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-1180x848.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-960x690.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-240x173.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-375x270.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/VacantLot-520x374.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Habitat for Humanity received city approval to build a six-story affordable housing project on this vacant lot more than a year ago. The project is stalled due to a CEQA lawsuit. \u003ccite>(Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hernandez said it’s so easy for plaintiffs to win that a project’s funding will immediately freeze once a suit is filed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partially because of the law’s sweeping definition of “environment,” which she sums up this way: “The view from a parking lot is a scenic vista protected under CEQA. ... My environment is where I get to park, and what I get to look at through my front window, and if you change that, I’m going to object and I’m going to use CEQA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat for Humanity fronts its own money, and Sedonaen said she may greenlight construction on the Redwood City building even before the lawsuit is resolved. That’s a gamble. Losing a CEQA case can force a project to restart the approval process from scratch, sucking up time and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think [CEQA] probably gets more attention than it deserves. I like to think of it as a symptom, not a cause of the underlying challenges we face in producing more housing in urban areas in California.'\u003ccite>Eric Biber, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, she said the price continues to rise anyway. The nonprofit originally estimated the project would cost $13 million. That has now risen to $17 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The delay in this process has cost us several million dollars out of a nonprofit's pocket that we could be putting toward another housing development, and shame on the people that are doing it,” Sedonaen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘A Challenge Every Step of the Way’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Critics contend that CEQA is the most significant factor in California's housing-affordability crisis -- but the data do not show that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley environmental law professor Eric Biber is part of a team researching the barriers to new housing in California. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Getting_It_Right.pdf\">initial leg\u003c/a> of the study looked at projects with five units or more approved in five Bay Area cities, how long it took for their approval, and what steps the cities required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, Oakland, Redwood City, Palo Alto and San Jose, Biber said CEQA was not an overriding obstacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11679886\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11679886\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Biber is an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley, who is researching barriers to housing in California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-1020x726.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-1200x854.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/07/Biber-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Biber is an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley, who is researching barriers to housing in California. \u003ccite>(Ben Bradford/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it probably gets more attention than it deserves,” he said. “I like to think of CEQA as a symptom, not a cause of the underlying challenges we face in producing more housing in urban areas in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of 254 projects approved over a three-year period, only seven faced CEQA lawsuits, according to the study’s most recent data, which is still preliminary. Most of those suits also allege other non-CEQA violations of state zoning and planning law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the environmental law that has drawn so much ire from developers is used to litigate only a small portion of projects and, without it, those projects would likely end up in court anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biber thinks the barriers to development are more philosophical: Landowners are often resistant to new development near them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that CEQA is both triggered and used as a lawsuit is to respond to underlying political fights at the local level about development,” Biber said. “And those political fights would occur anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stalled Habitat for Humanity project in downtown Redwood City conforms to Biber’s findings almost perfectly. The lawsuit alleges violations of CEQA, but also other state zoning and planning law. And the project’s developer, despite building throughout the Bay Area for almost three decades, has rarely faced a CEQA lawsuit. In fact, Sedonaen said this is Habitat for Humanity Greater San Francisco’s first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so unique,” Sedonaen said. “We’ve never had a project stopped for this reason, and we’ve never had a CEQA lawsuit used against us in our history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faced other obstacles prior to the lawsuit. To win approval from the city, it has shrunk significantly from what Sedonaen envisioned in 2014. The six-story building is less than half the size of the original proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a challenge every step of the way,” Sedonaen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biber said paring back CEQA would do little to change the political dynamics that drive up the cost of projects in cities, but could remove a check on development in less densely populated areas of the state. Put another way: It could promote sprawl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you’d see a major moving of the lever on [urban] development,” Biber said. “But you might open up for a lot more sprawling development that would significantly undermine the state’s climate goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sedonaen and Hernandez think his findings do not capture how heavily the threat of litigation weighs on urban developers, starting when they propose projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to pick projects where we don’t think this is going to happen,” Sedonaen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have tracked the number of approved projects and filed lawsuits, for instance, but not threats of lawsuits used to win concessions or canceled projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez suggests the threats outnumber the actual lawsuits, comparing CEQA abuse to an iceberg. “The filed lawsuits are the tip,” she said. “Underneath the surface is the 90 percent of the iceberg, and it’s why we’ll spend three years trying to get a project approved. And every one of those days adds to the cost of housing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ben Bradford is state government reporter for Capital Public Radio. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11660142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1867\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg 1867w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-160x44.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1020x280.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1180x324.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-960x263.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-240x66.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-375x103.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-520x143.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1867px) 100vw, 1867px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11679835/is-californias-legacy-environmental-law-protecting-the-states-beauty-or-blocking-affordable-housing","authors":["byline_news_11679835"],"programs":["news_72"],"series":["news_21879"],"categories":["news_1758","news_19906","news_6266","news_8","news_13","news_356"],"tags":["news_3921","news_4248","news_17867"],"affiliates":["news_22688"],"featImg":"news_11679872","label":"source_news_11679835","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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