A demonstrator wears an Oath Keepers anti-government organization badge on a protective vest during a protest outside the U.S. Supreme Court on Jan. 5, 2021. (Stefani Reynolds/Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Leaked records purportedly from a far-right organization suggest that its effort to recruit law enforcement officers has found some success in America's largest cities. Investigations by NPR and WNYC/Gothamist show active officers in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago on the Oath Keepers membership roster, with Chicago showing the greatest representation of the three.
Extremism and policing experts say the findings are reason for concern, as the far-right paramilitary organization encourages members to uphold the law only as they interpret it. But defining a clear standard on officers' affiliation with groups such as the Oath Keepers is tricky, as it could run afoul of officers' free speech and free assembly rights.
A far-right paramilitary organization
The Oath Keepers have been on the radar of extremism researchers and federal law enforcement for about as long as the group has existed. But the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol dramatically intensified scrutiny of the group.
Founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, a former Army paratrooper, the Oath Keepers target law enforcement and military personnel for recruitment. The paramilitary organization claims to defend the Constitution and reaffirms the oath of service to "support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic."
In practice, members of the loosely organized network have been a presence at armed standoffs against federal authorities in situations that its members believe constitute government overreach. More recently, Oath Keepers have shown up at racial justice protests in opposition to Black Lives Matter and far-left antifa activists. Part of the so-called patriot movement on the right, the group began as an anti-government movement, but refashioned itself as a pro-Trump extremist group, specifically targeting leftist groups and the supposed deep state.
Among those charged in the Jan. 6 attack are at least 21 people with alleged ties to the group. Prosecutors allege that members of the Oath Keepers conspired over the course of weeks and months to bring weapons and armor to the Washington, D.C., area ahead of the riot and used military-style tactics to breach the building.
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Prosecutors have not named the head of the group, Rhodes, in any of those indictments, but he is identified as "Person One" in court papers, including indictments and statements of offense, suggesting that investigators are interested in what he was doing on the day of the riot. Rhodes was allegedly in Washington, D.C., that day, and met with Oath Keepers who breached the Capitol outside the building. Rhodes has not been accused of entering the Capitol himself, and he has said publicly that he was unaware of any plan by any Oath Keepers to attack the Capitol.
"Some of our guys got caught up and went inside the Capitol, which I think was a massive mistake, but I don't think there was any conspiracy on their part to do that," Rhodes told The Wichita Falls Times Record News in June.
In September, an anonymous hacker released records purportedly taken from the Oath Keepers' web servers, which NPR and WNYC/Gothamist obtained through the nonprofit journalist collective Distributed Denial of Secrets. Included in the leak were some of the group's chat logs, emails and a list of nearly 40,000 entries about membership information, seemingly including those currently and formerly on its membership rolls.
Comparing the membership roster to lists of officers in the Chicago Police Department, New York Police Department and Los Angeles-area departments, reporters were able to identify active officers who appeared to be on both. NPR and member station WNYC reached out to all those officers for comment. The list of officers in California comes from the database of profiles maintained by the state's Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) as well as public payroll data. The California Reporting Project obtained the POST database current through April 13, 2021, through open records requests, and shared it with NPR.
Chicago Police Department: 13 active members
"I didn't even know this thing still existed," said one Chicago Police Department employee, speaking about the Oath Keepers. He agreed to speak to NPR on the condition that he not be named.
The uniformed employee, who said he could not recall when or why he joined the group, said he had let his Oath Keepers membership lapse many years ago. His listed address in the leaked database was that of a city police station where he confirmed he was working in 2009.
He was one of 13 active members of the Chicago Police Department that NPR identified as likely matches on the Oath Keepers list. The Chicago officers range in age from 42 to 54 and are white, Hispanic and of Asian/Pacific Islander heritage. Five of them work in "training and support," which includes firearms training.
Another CPD member who agreed only to speak to NPR on the condition that he not be named acknowledged joining the Oath Keepers more than a decade ago but said he let his membership lapse after four or five years.
"It's not a terrorist group," he said, adding that he had heard about the Oath Keepers from others on the police force. At the time, he said, he was among a handful of officers who joined because they felt that Chicago's ban on handguns, which the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately struck down, was unconstitutional. "Officers can't take away someone's gun rights because they live in Chicago," he said.
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Despite telling NPR that he doesn't engage in social media, the CPD member shared personal details that matched to a Facebook page, including his name, military service and residences in both Chicago and a state other than Illinois. That page included several photos uploaded in March 2015 that included imagery to suggest affiliation with the Oath Keepers.
The day after the uniformed CPD employee spoke with NPR, the Facebook profile had been altered to change the name, remove biographical details and strip out photos that included Oath Keepers iconography.
Two others whom NPR identified as matches between the Oath Keepers database and the Chicago Police Department denied they ever joined the anti-government group, with one suggesting that a third party had signed him up for the group as "a sort of setup to get police officers." The others did not respond to voicemails and emails.
NPR reached out to the CPD but received no response. Chicago's Office of the Inspector General would not comment on the record.
'We have a problem with white supremacy'
NPR did not identify any active members of the Los Angeles Police Department within the Oath Keepers data. However, NPR found at least three people in the data leak whose information matched current employees of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the country and runs one of the largest jail systems in the world.
NPR left voicemails for and sent email messages to all three. When NPR reached one of the three officers on the phone, he said, "No comment," and hung up. The other two did not respond. In previous years, one of the three posted a link to the Oath Keepers' website on his public Twitter account.
In response to NPR's request for comment, a spokesperson for the sheriff's department wrote in a statement, "The Department was unaware of these allegations of association and will assign a supervisor to conduct an administrative inquiry. Until the conclusion of those supervisory inquiries, we are unable to comment further."
The leaders of local government agencies that oversee the sheriff's department said that they were concerned by NPR's findings, but not surprised, given recent scrutiny of deputy subgroups in the department — often referred to as "gangs" or "cliques."
"The sheriff's department in Los Angeles has extremist organizations within its ranks," said Max Huntsman, the county inspector general and a frequent critic of the department.
Huntsman's office has posted recent reports from Loyola Law School and the RAND Corporation on its website, which delve into the problem.
Those reports found a significant portion of sheriff's deputies have participated in subgroups, which have been accused of violent attacks and racist discrimination over decades. The reports specifically note one group active in the Compton station known as "The Executioners," whose members have a tattoo resembling a skeleton wearing a Nazi helmet. According to the RAND Corporation report, which was commissioned by county officials, a whistleblower alleged that "the Executioners encouraged shootings of civilians and had assaulted at least one other deputy at the station."
Huntsman said that the leader of the sheriff's department, Alex Villanueva, has failed to root out extremism in the ranks.
Priscilla Ocen, the chair of the Los Angeles County Civilian Oversight Commission, agreed.
"We have a problem with white supremacy in the LA County Sheriff's Department," said Ocen. "We have a problem with white supremacist gangs. And the sheriff who is tasked with managing this department has looked the other way."
In the past, Villanueva has dismissed concerns about deputy subgroups or gangs as "a problem of perception, but not reality." He has previously said that many such groups are benign and involve "a glorified bunch of people who go to the river and party on the weekend and that's about it."
Huntsman argued that the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department appears to act as if it is above the law, particularly given the department's decision to disobey a county COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Villanueva has criticized the mandate and said he would not enforce it, because the measure would lead to a "mass exodus" of deputies who refuse to get vaccinated against the coronavirus.
Nationwide, extremism experts have raised concerns about sheriff's departments' links to possible extremist groups. LAist recently reported that the head of California's Riverside County Sheriff Department, Chad Bianco, had previously joined the Oath Keepers. Bianco denounced the group's alleged role in the attack on the U.S. Capitol, but said that was unrepresentative of the Oath Keepers. "They stand for protecting the Constitution," Bianco told LAist.
Researchers and civil rights organizations have also noted the rise of a movement known as "constitutional sheriffs." The Anti-Defamation League said that the movement is based on the belief that "the county sheriff is the ultimate authority in the county, able to halt enforcement of any federal or state law or measure they deem unconstitutional."
In New York, an ongoing investigation
Following an investigation by WNYC/Gothamist in September that found at least two active members of the New York Police Department on the leaked Oath Keepers list, city leaders quickly vowed action. The office of Mayor Bill de Blasio launched an investigation but has allowed the NYPD to conduct its own internal review into the two officers. A spokesperson for the mayor did not answer a detailed list of questions about the investigation's scope, but a recent statement from the police department suggests little may come of it.
"Although the investigation into the two members is still active, to date, the Internal Affairs Bureau has not found evidence supporting active memberships or participation in any Oath Keepers activities," it said.
"How do you balance an officer's freedom of speech, freedom of association, with the need to maintain public trust and to ensure that they're delivering constitutional policing?" said Sue Rahr, former sheriff of King County, Wash., and former executive director of the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. "It's a difficult balance."
Nonetheless, extremism experts say law enforcement officers who take an oath only to defend the Constitution as they interpret it should be a cause for concern.
"If an individual member of Oath Keepers disagrees with a Supreme Court ruling, Oath Keepers believe that they are entitled to not comply with that Supreme Court ruling because, as Oath Keepers would say, an unjust law is no law at all," said Sam Jackson, assistant professor in the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity at the University at Albany. "That's really problematic to me and, really, I think undercuts our understanding of the rule of law and ideas about the universal application of law."
However, Rahr says there will likely be debate over which groups qualify as "extremist." And, Washington's step toward regulating this issue appears to make it an outlier among states.
"Although this has become a more prevalent conversation in jurisdictions across the country, many still do not specifically prohibit membership in extremist groups," said Cameron McEllhiney, director of training and education at The National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement. "They often get around the issue by relying on policies that prohibit behavior that would be considered detrimental to the department."
For Rahr, however, departments that fail to tackle this issue risk losing public trust.
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"Cognitive science is very, very clear that personal beliefs impact perception, and your perception impacts your judgment. And so, if an officer has a deeply held belief that is contrary to fair and equitable policing, that's going to create a problem," she said. "I think best practices would be to not hire [or] not allow certification of people who are actively involved in those groups."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.
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Investigations by NPR and WNYC/Gothamist show active officers in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago on the Oath Keepers membership roster, with Chicago showing the greatest representation of the three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extremism and policing experts say the findings are reason for concern, as the far-right paramilitary organization encourages members to uphold the law only as they interpret it. But defining a clear standard on officers' affiliation with groups such as the Oath Keepers is tricky, as it could run afoul of officers' free speech and free assembly rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A far-right paramilitary organization\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Oath Keepers have been on the radar of extremism researchers and federal law enforcement for about as long as the group has existed. But the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol dramatically intensified scrutiny of the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, a former Army paratrooper, the Oath Keepers target law enforcement and military personnel for recruitment. The paramilitary organization claims to defend the Constitution and reaffirms the oath of service to \"support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, members of the loosely organized network have been a presence at armed standoffs against federal authorities in situations that its members believe constitute government overreach. More recently, Oath Keepers have shown up at racial justice protests in opposition to Black Lives Matter and far-left antifa activists. Part of the so-called patriot movement on the right, the group began as an anti-government movement, but refashioned itself as a pro-Trump extremist group, specifically targeting leftist groups and the supposed deep state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1231796848-0a0f2bb044c3d2130d188fa64a8c06011c5fdc18-scaled-e1636156438330.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11895307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1231796848-0a0f2bb044c3d2130d188fa64a8c06011c5fdc18-scaled-e1636156438330.jpg\" alt=\"A man with a fuzzy beard and a shaved head except some fuzz at the top and a left eye patch under his glasses.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stewart Rhodes, founder of the Oath Keepers, told The Washington Post via Getty Images, on Feb. 28, 2021, that the government is trying to inflate the rogue actions of a few of its members into an alleged conspiracy committed by the organization on Jan. 6, 2021. \u003ccite>(Aaron C. Davis/The Washington Post via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among those charged in the Jan. 6 attack are at least 21 people with alleged ties to the group. Prosecutors allege that members of the Oath Keepers conspired over the course of weeks and months to bring weapons and armor to the Washington, D.C., area ahead of the riot and used military-style tactics to breach the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors have not named the head of the group, Rhodes, in any of those indictments, but he is identified as \"Person One\" in court papers, including indictments and statements of offense, suggesting that investigators are interested in what he was doing on the day of the riot. Rhodes was allegedly in Washington, D.C., that day, and met with Oath Keepers who breached the Capitol outside the building. Rhodes has not been accused of entering the Capitol himself, and he has said publicly that he was unaware of any plan by any Oath Keepers to attack the Capitol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of our guys got caught up and went inside the Capitol, which I think was a massive mistake, but I don't think there was any conspiracy on their part to do that,\" Rhodes told \u003ca href=\"https://www.timesrecordnews.com/story/news/2021/06/25/oath-keepers-founder-stewart-rhodes-speaks-wichita-falls-capitol-riot-accusations/5323819001/\">The Wichita Falls Times Record News\u003c/a> in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1295126747_slide-892c8382487fdbe33fb5360c0549ae686cc69614-scaled-e1636157743934.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11895308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1295126747_slide-892c8382487fdbe33fb5360c0549ae686cc69614-scaled-e1636157743934.jpg\" alt=\"Men stand in a field of dry grass, barren trees in the background, wearing long sleeves, pants, gloves, baseball caps, and cloth masks that cover most of their faces. One with a long beard and glasses holds a dog with a camo harness that has a red cross on it, like a medic's cross.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Men belonging to the Oath Keepers wearing military tactical gear attend the 'Stop the Steal' rally on Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September, an anonymous hacker released records purportedly taken from the Oath Keepers' web servers, which NPR and WNYC/Gothamist obtained through the nonprofit journalist collective \u003ca href=\"https://ddosecrets.com/wiki/Oath_Keepers\">Distributed Denial of Secrets\u003c/a>. Included in the leak were some of the group's chat logs, emails and a list of nearly 40,000 entries about membership information, seemingly including those currently and formerly on its membership rolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the membership roster to \u003ca href=\"https://data.cityofchicago.org/widgets/xzkq-xp2w\">lists of officers in the Chicago Police Department\u003c/a>, New York Police Department and Los Angeles-area departments, reporters were able to identify active officers who appeared to be on both. NPR and member station WNYC reached out to all those officers for comment. The list of officers in California comes from the database of profiles maintained by the state's Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) as well as \u003ca href=\"https://transparentcalifornia.com/\">public payroll data\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://projects.scpr.org/california-reporting-project/\">The California Reporting Project\u003c/a> obtained the POST database current through April 13, 2021, through open records requests, and shared it with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Chicago Police Department: 13 active members\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't even know this thing still existed,\" said one Chicago Police Department employee, speaking about the Oath Keepers. He agreed to speak to NPR on the condition that he not be named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uniformed employee, who said he could not recall when or why he joined the group, said he had let his Oath Keepers membership lapse many years ago. His listed address in the leaked database was that of a city police station where he confirmed he was working in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was one of 13 active members of the Chicago Police Department that NPR identified as likely matches on the Oath Keepers list. The Chicago officers range in age from 42 to 54 and are white, Hispanic and of Asian/Pacific Islander heritage. Five of them work in \"training and support,\" which includes firearms training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another CPD member who agreed only to speak to NPR on the condition that he not be named acknowledged joining the Oath Keepers more than a decade ago but said he let his membership lapse after four or five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a terrorist group,\" he said, adding that he had heard about the Oath Keepers from others on the police force. At the time, he said, he was among a handful of officers who joined because they felt that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2010/06/28/128163284/supreme-court-strikes-down-chicago-handgun-ban\">Chicago's ban on handguns, which the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately struck down\u003c/a>, was unconstitutional. \"Officers can't take away someone's gun rights because they live in Chicago,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"white-supremacy\"]Despite telling NPR that he doesn't engage in social media, the CPD member shared personal details that matched to a Facebook page, including his name, military service and residences in both Chicago and a state other than Illinois. That page included several photos uploaded in March 2015 that included imagery to suggest affiliation with the Oath Keepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the uniformed CPD employee spoke with NPR, the Facebook profile had been altered to change the name, remove biographical details and strip out photos that included Oath Keepers iconography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the alleged participation of Oath Keepers in the Jan. 6 Capitol riot, both CPD members said they don't pay attention to the news. In the immediate aftermath of those events, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-police-union-president-defends-those-who-stormed-us-capitol/6842fa80-3b83-4396-af05-a5f15f4ac740\">the head of Chicago's largest police union condoned the actions of those who stormed the Capitol\u003c/a> before \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-police-union-president-says-hes-sorry-for-backing-capitol-rioters/9d386ba1-3867-48f4-bad6-037aa0db8d81\">a backlash prompted him to walk back those comments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two others whom NPR identified as matches between the Oath Keepers database and the Chicago Police Department denied they ever joined the anti-government group, with one suggesting that a third party had signed him up for the group as \"a sort of setup to get police officers.\" The others did not respond to voicemails and emails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reached out to the CPD but received no response. Chicago's Office of the Inspector General would not comment on the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'We have a problem with white supremacy'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>NPR did not identify any active members of the Los Angeles Police Department within the Oath Keepers data. However, NPR found at least three people in the data leak whose information matched current employees of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the country and runs one of the largest jail systems in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR left voicemails for and sent email messages to all three. When NPR reached one of the three officers on the phone, he said, \"No comment,\" and hung up. The other two did not respond. In previous years, one of the three posted a link to the Oath Keepers' website on his public Twitter account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to NPR's request for comment, a spokesperson for the sheriff's department wrote in a statement, \"The Department was unaware of these allegations of association and will assign a supervisor to conduct an administrative inquiry. Until the conclusion of those supervisory inquiries, we are unable to comment further.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leaders of local government agencies that oversee the sheriff's department said that they were concerned by NPR's findings, but not surprised, given recent scrutiny of deputy subgroups in the department — often referred to as \"gangs\" or \"cliques.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sheriff's department in Los Angeles has extremist organizations within its ranks,\" said Max Huntsman, the county inspector general and a frequent critic of the department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntsman's office has posted recent reports from \u003ca href=\"https://oig.lacounty.gov/Portals/OIG/Reports/CJLP_Report_LASD_Deputy_Gangs_012021.pdf?ver=Q0LQd4UW_mdwOgvwRj9DeQ%3d%3d\">Loyola Law School\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/supdocs/161722.pdf\">RAND Corporation\u003c/a> on its website, which delve into the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those reports found a significant portion of sheriff's deputies have participated in subgroups, which have been accused of violent attacks and racist discrimination over decades. The reports specifically note one group active in the Compton station known as \"The Executioners,\" whose members have a tattoo resembling a skeleton wearing a Nazi helmet. According to the RAND Corporation report, which was commissioned by county officials, a whistleblower alleged that \"the Executioners encouraged shootings of civilians and had assaulted at least one other deputy at the station.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntsman said that the leader of the sheriff's department, Alex Villanueva, has failed to root out extremism in the ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1236301452_slide-c44d2cc66194114d688390c361d931efdf3dd01d-scaled-e1636156844530.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11895311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1236301452_slide-c44d2cc66194114d688390c361d931efdf3dd01d-scaled-e1636156844530.jpg\" alt=\"A law enforcement officer on stage.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles County Sheriff Alex Villanueva speaks at a press conference in downtown LA on Nov. 2, 2021, calling vaccine mandates an 'imminent threat to public safety' if they lead to terminations in his department. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck / AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Priscilla Ocen, the chair of the Los Angeles County Civilian Oversight Commission, agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a problem with white supremacy in the LA County Sheriff's Department,\" said Ocen. \"We have a problem with white supremacist gangs. And the sheriff who is tasked with managing this department has looked the other way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, \u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/sheriff-villanueva-dismisses-report-deputy-gangs-calls-them-people-who-go-to-the-river-and-party-rand\">Villanueva has dismissed concerns about deputy subgroups or gangs\u003c/a> as \"a problem of perception, but not reality.\" He has previously said that many such groups are benign and involve \"a glorified bunch of people who go to the river and party on the weekend and that's about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntsman argued that the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department appears to act as if it is above the law, particularly given the department's decision to disobey a county COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Villanueva has criticized the mandate and said he would not enforce it, because the measure would lead to a \"\u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/la-sheriff-villanueva-sticks-to-his-claim-about-a-possible-mandate-driven-mass-exodus-of-deputies\">mass exodus\u003c/a>\" of deputies who refuse to get vaccinated against the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, extremism experts have raised concerns about sheriff's departments' links to possible extremist groups. LAist recently reported that \u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/riverside-sheriff-chad-bianco-once-was-an-oath-keeper-defends-the-extremist-group\">the head of California's Riverside County Sheriff Department, Chad Bianco, had previously joined the Oath Keepers\u003c/a>. Bianco denounced the group's alleged role in the attack on the U.S. Capitol, but said that was unrepresentative of the Oath Keepers. \"They stand for protecting the Constitution,\" Bianco told LAist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and civil rights organizations have also noted the rise of a movement known as \"constitutional sheriffs.\" The Anti-Defamation League \u003ca href=\"https://www.adl.org/media/16889/download\">said\u003c/a> that the movement is based on the belief that \"the county sheriff is the ultimate authority in the county, able to halt enforcement of any federal or state law or measure they deem unconstitutional.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>In New York, an ongoing investigation\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Following \u003ca href=\"https://gothamist.com/news/hack-oath-keepers-militia-group-includes-names-active-nypd-officers-de-blasio-launches-investigation\">an investigation by WNYC/Gothamist\u003c/a> in September that found at least two active members of the New York Police Department on the leaked Oath Keepers list, city leaders quickly vowed action. The office of Mayor Bill de Blasio launched an investigation but has allowed the NYPD to conduct its own internal review into the two officers. A spokesperson for the mayor did not answer a detailed list of questions about the investigation's scope, but a recent statement from the police department suggests little may come of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although the investigation into the two members is still active, to date, the Internal Affairs Bureau has not found evidence supporting active memberships or participation in any Oath Keepers activities,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'A difficult balance'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/census-state-and-local-law-enforcement-agencies-2008\">nearly 18,000 state and local law enforcement agencies across the country\u003c/a>, there is little consensus around how — or even whether — departments should address the issue of officers joining anti-government organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you balance an officer's freedom of speech, freedom of association, with the need to maintain public trust and to ensure that they're delivering constitutional policing?\" said Sue Rahr, former sheriff of King County, Wash., and former executive director of the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. \"It's a difficult balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, extremism experts say law enforcement officers who take an oath only to defend the Constitution as they interpret it should be a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If an individual member of Oath Keepers disagrees with a Supreme Court ruling, Oath Keepers believe that they are entitled to not comply with that Supreme Court ruling because, as Oath Keepers would say, an unjust law is no law at all,\" said Sam Jackson, assistant professor in the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity at the University at Albany. \"That's really problematic to me and, really, I think undercuts our understanding of the rule of law and ideas about the universal application of law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During their 2021 legislative session, \u003ca href=\"https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=43.101.095\">lawmakers in Washington state passed legislation that would require pre-hire background checks of all peace and corrections officers\u003c/a> that include inquiry into ties to extremist organizations. It would also \u003ca href=\"https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=43.101.105\">permit the state to deny, suspend or revoke certification\u003c/a> to officers who are affiliated with extremist groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Rahr says there will likely be debate over which groups qualify as \"extremist.\" And, Washington's step toward regulating this issue appears to make it an outlier among states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although this has become a more prevalent conversation in jurisdictions across the country, many still do not specifically prohibit membership in extremist groups,\" said Cameron McEllhiney, director of training and education at The National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement. \"They often get around the issue by relying on policies that prohibit behavior that would be considered detrimental to the department.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Rahr, however, departments that fail to tackle this issue risk losing public trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cognitive science is very, very clear that personal beliefs impact perception, and your perception impacts your judgment. And so, if an officer has a deeply held belief that is contrary to fair and equitable policing, that's going to create a problem,\" she said. \"I think best practices would be to not hire [or] not allow certification of people who are actively involved in those groups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Active-duty+police+in+major+U.S.+cities+appear+on+purported+Oath+Keepers+rosters&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"11895305 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11895305","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/11/06/active-duty-police-in-major-u-s-cities-appear-on-purported-oath-keepers-rosters/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":2524,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":47},"modified":1636169949,"excerpt":"Hacked records purported to be from the extremist group Oath Keepers include the names of active-duty law enforcement officers in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, according to a WNYC/Gothamist investigation.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Hacked records purported to be from the extremist group Oath Keepers include the names of active-duty law enforcement officers in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, according to a WNYC/Gothamist investigation.","title":"Active-Duty Police in Major U.S. Cities Found on Alleged Rosters of Far-Right Group | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Active-Duty Police in Major U.S. Cities Found on Alleged Rosters of Far-Right Group","datePublished":"2021-11-06T07:00:49-07:00","dateModified":"2021-11-05T20:39:09-07:00","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1230440445_slide-6139c2294d6dd3b1dde478cb183a0ddb15053a31-1020x680.jpg","isAccessibleForFree":"True","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"byline_news_11895305","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_news_11895305","name":"Micah Loewinger, George Joseph, Odette Yousef, Tom Dreisbach, Huo Jingnan","isLoading":false}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1230440445_slide-6139c2294d6dd3b1dde478cb183a0ddb15053a31-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"mimeType":"image/jpeg","height":680},"ogImageWidth":"1020","ogImageHeight":"680","twitterImageUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1230440445_slide-6139c2294d6dd3b1dde478cb183a0ddb15053a31-1020x680.jpg","twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1230440445_slide-6139c2294d6dd3b1dde478cb183a0ddb15053a31-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"mimeType":"image/jpeg","height":680},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["Far right extremism","law enforcement","police","white supremacy"]}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"active-duty-police-in-major-u-s-cities-appear-on-purported-oath-keepers-rosters","status":"publish","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1052098059&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 05 Nov 2021 05:06:00 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 05 Nov 2021 15:52:14 -0400","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1052098059/active-duty-police-in-major-u-s-cities-appear-on-purported-oath-keepers-rosters?ft=nprml&f=1052098059","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2021/11/20211105_me_active_duty_police_in_major_us_cities_appear_on_purported_oath_keepers_rosters.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1150&d=466&p=3&story=1052098059&ft=nprml&f=1052098059","nprImageAgency":"Bloomberg via Getty Images","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11052651068-59e38f.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1150&d=466&p=3&story=1052098059&ft=nprml&f=1052098059","nprStoryId":"1052098059","nprByline":"Micah Loewinger, George Joseph, Odette Yousef, Tom Dreisbach, Huo Jingnan","nprImageCredit":"Stefani Reynolds","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 05 Nov 2021 15:52:00 -0400","path":"/news/11895305/active-duty-police-in-major-u-s-cities-appear-on-purported-oath-keepers-rosters","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2021/11/20211105_me_active_duty_police_in_major_us_cities_appear_on_purported_oath_keepers_rosters.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1150&d=466&p=3&story=1052098059&ft=nprml&f=1052098059","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leaked records purportedly from a far-right organization suggest that its effort to recruit law enforcement officers has found some success in America's largest cities. Investigations by NPR and WNYC/Gothamist show active officers in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago on the Oath Keepers membership roster, with Chicago showing the greatest representation of the three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extremism and policing experts say the findings are reason for concern, as the far-right paramilitary organization encourages members to uphold the law only as they interpret it. But defining a clear standard on officers' affiliation with groups such as the Oath Keepers is tricky, as it could run afoul of officers' free speech and free assembly rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A far-right paramilitary organization\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Oath Keepers have been on the radar of extremism researchers and federal law enforcement for about as long as the group has existed. But the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol dramatically intensified scrutiny of the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, a former Army paratrooper, the Oath Keepers target law enforcement and military personnel for recruitment. The paramilitary organization claims to defend the Constitution and reaffirms the oath of service to \"support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, members of the loosely organized network have been a presence at armed standoffs against federal authorities in situations that its members believe constitute government overreach. More recently, Oath Keepers have shown up at racial justice protests in opposition to Black Lives Matter and far-left antifa activists. Part of the so-called patriot movement on the right, the group began as an anti-government movement, but refashioned itself as a pro-Trump extremist group, specifically targeting leftist groups and the supposed deep state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1231796848-0a0f2bb044c3d2130d188fa64a8c06011c5fdc18-scaled-e1636156438330.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11895307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1231796848-0a0f2bb044c3d2130d188fa64a8c06011c5fdc18-scaled-e1636156438330.jpg\" alt=\"A man with a fuzzy beard and a shaved head except some fuzz at the top and a left eye patch under his glasses.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stewart Rhodes, founder of the Oath Keepers, told The Washington Post via Getty Images, on Feb. 28, 2021, that the government is trying to inflate the rogue actions of a few of its members into an alleged conspiracy committed by the organization on Jan. 6, 2021. \u003ccite>(Aaron C. Davis/The Washington Post via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among those charged in the Jan. 6 attack are at least 21 people with alleged ties to the group. Prosecutors allege that members of the Oath Keepers conspired over the course of weeks and months to bring weapons and armor to the Washington, D.C., area ahead of the riot and used military-style tactics to breach the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors have not named the head of the group, Rhodes, in any of those indictments, but he is identified as \"Person One\" in court papers, including indictments and statements of offense, suggesting that investigators are interested in what he was doing on the day of the riot. Rhodes was allegedly in Washington, D.C., that day, and met with Oath Keepers who breached the Capitol outside the building. Rhodes has not been accused of entering the Capitol himself, and he has said publicly that he was unaware of any plan by any Oath Keepers to attack the Capitol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of our guys got caught up and went inside the Capitol, which I think was a massive mistake, but I don't think there was any conspiracy on their part to do that,\" Rhodes told \u003ca href=\"https://www.timesrecordnews.com/story/news/2021/06/25/oath-keepers-founder-stewart-rhodes-speaks-wichita-falls-capitol-riot-accusations/5323819001/\">The Wichita Falls Times Record News\u003c/a> in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1295126747_slide-892c8382487fdbe33fb5360c0549ae686cc69614-scaled-e1636157743934.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11895308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1295126747_slide-892c8382487fdbe33fb5360c0549ae686cc69614-scaled-e1636157743934.jpg\" alt=\"Men stand in a field of dry grass, barren trees in the background, wearing long sleeves, pants, gloves, baseball caps, and cloth masks that cover most of their faces. One with a long beard and glasses holds a dog with a camo harness that has a red cross on it, like a medic's cross.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Men belonging to the Oath Keepers wearing military tactical gear attend the 'Stop the Steal' rally on Jan. 6, 2021, in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September, an anonymous hacker released records purportedly taken from the Oath Keepers' web servers, which NPR and WNYC/Gothamist obtained through the nonprofit journalist collective \u003ca href=\"https://ddosecrets.com/wiki/Oath_Keepers\">Distributed Denial of Secrets\u003c/a>. Included in the leak were some of the group's chat logs, emails and a list of nearly 40,000 entries about membership information, seemingly including those currently and formerly on its membership rolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the membership roster to \u003ca href=\"https://data.cityofchicago.org/widgets/xzkq-xp2w\">lists of officers in the Chicago Police Department\u003c/a>, New York Police Department and Los Angeles-area departments, reporters were able to identify active officers who appeared to be on both. NPR and member station WNYC reached out to all those officers for comment. The list of officers in California comes from the database of profiles maintained by the state's Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) as well as \u003ca href=\"https://transparentcalifornia.com/\">public payroll data\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://projects.scpr.org/california-reporting-project/\">The California Reporting Project\u003c/a> obtained the POST database current through April 13, 2021, through open records requests, and shared it with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Chicago Police Department: 13 active members\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't even know this thing still existed,\" said one Chicago Police Department employee, speaking about the Oath Keepers. He agreed to speak to NPR on the condition that he not be named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uniformed employee, who said he could not recall when or why he joined the group, said he had let his Oath Keepers membership lapse many years ago. His listed address in the leaked database was that of a city police station where he confirmed he was working in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was one of 13 active members of the Chicago Police Department that NPR identified as likely matches on the Oath Keepers list. The Chicago officers range in age from 42 to 54 and are white, Hispanic and of Asian/Pacific Islander heritage. Five of them work in \"training and support,\" which includes firearms training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another CPD member who agreed only to speak to NPR on the condition that he not be named acknowledged joining the Oath Keepers more than a decade ago but said he let his membership lapse after four or five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a terrorist group,\" he said, adding that he had heard about the Oath Keepers from others on the police force. At the time, he said, he was among a handful of officers who joined because they felt that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2010/06/28/128163284/supreme-court-strikes-down-chicago-handgun-ban\">Chicago's ban on handguns, which the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately struck down\u003c/a>, was unconstitutional. \"Officers can't take away someone's gun rights because they live in Chicago,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"white-supremacy"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Despite telling NPR that he doesn't engage in social media, the CPD member shared personal details that matched to a Facebook page, including his name, military service and residences in both Chicago and a state other than Illinois. That page included several photos uploaded in March 2015 that included imagery to suggest affiliation with the Oath Keepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the uniformed CPD employee spoke with NPR, the Facebook profile had been altered to change the name, remove biographical details and strip out photos that included Oath Keepers iconography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the alleged participation of Oath Keepers in the Jan. 6 Capitol riot, both CPD members said they don't pay attention to the news. In the immediate aftermath of those events, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-police-union-president-defends-those-who-stormed-us-capitol/6842fa80-3b83-4396-af05-a5f15f4ac740\">the head of Chicago's largest police union condoned the actions of those who stormed the Capitol\u003c/a> before \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-police-union-president-says-hes-sorry-for-backing-capitol-rioters/9d386ba1-3867-48f4-bad6-037aa0db8d81\">a backlash prompted him to walk back those comments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two others whom NPR identified as matches between the Oath Keepers database and the Chicago Police Department denied they ever joined the anti-government group, with one suggesting that a third party had signed him up for the group as \"a sort of setup to get police officers.\" The others did not respond to voicemails and emails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reached out to the CPD but received no response. Chicago's Office of the Inspector General would not comment on the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'We have a problem with white supremacy'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>NPR did not identify any active members of the Los Angeles Police Department within the Oath Keepers data. However, NPR found at least three people in the data leak whose information matched current employees of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the country and runs one of the largest jail systems in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR left voicemails for and sent email messages to all three. When NPR reached one of the three officers on the phone, he said, \"No comment,\" and hung up. The other two did not respond. In previous years, one of the three posted a link to the Oath Keepers' website on his public Twitter account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to NPR's request for comment, a spokesperson for the sheriff's department wrote in a statement, \"The Department was unaware of these allegations of association and will assign a supervisor to conduct an administrative inquiry. Until the conclusion of those supervisory inquiries, we are unable to comment further.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leaders of local government agencies that oversee the sheriff's department said that they were concerned by NPR's findings, but not surprised, given recent scrutiny of deputy subgroups in the department — often referred to as \"gangs\" or \"cliques.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sheriff's department in Los Angeles has extremist organizations within its ranks,\" said Max Huntsman, the county inspector general and a frequent critic of the department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntsman's office has posted recent reports from \u003ca href=\"https://oig.lacounty.gov/Portals/OIG/Reports/CJLP_Report_LASD_Deputy_Gangs_012021.pdf?ver=Q0LQd4UW_mdwOgvwRj9DeQ%3d%3d\">Loyola Law School\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/supdocs/161722.pdf\">RAND Corporation\u003c/a> on its website, which delve into the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those reports found a significant portion of sheriff's deputies have participated in subgroups, which have been accused of violent attacks and racist discrimination over decades. The reports specifically note one group active in the Compton station known as \"The Executioners,\" whose members have a tattoo resembling a skeleton wearing a Nazi helmet. According to the RAND Corporation report, which was commissioned by county officials, a whistleblower alleged that \"the Executioners encouraged shootings of civilians and had assaulted at least one other deputy at the station.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntsman said that the leader of the sheriff's department, Alex Villanueva, has failed to root out extremism in the ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1236301452_slide-c44d2cc66194114d688390c361d931efdf3dd01d-scaled-e1636156844530.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11895311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/gettyimages-1236301452_slide-c44d2cc66194114d688390c361d931efdf3dd01d-scaled-e1636156844530.jpg\" alt=\"A law enforcement officer on stage.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles County Sheriff Alex Villanueva speaks at a press conference in downtown LA on Nov. 2, 2021, calling vaccine mandates an 'imminent threat to public safety' if they lead to terminations in his department. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck / AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Priscilla Ocen, the chair of the Los Angeles County Civilian Oversight Commission, agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a problem with white supremacy in the LA County Sheriff's Department,\" said Ocen. \"We have a problem with white supremacist gangs. And the sheriff who is tasked with managing this department has looked the other way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, \u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/sheriff-villanueva-dismisses-report-deputy-gangs-calls-them-people-who-go-to-the-river-and-party-rand\">Villanueva has dismissed concerns about deputy subgroups or gangs\u003c/a> as \"a problem of perception, but not reality.\" He has previously said that many such groups are benign and involve \"a glorified bunch of people who go to the river and party on the weekend and that's about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntsman argued that the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department appears to act as if it is above the law, particularly given the department's decision to disobey a county COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Villanueva has criticized the mandate and said he would not enforce it, because the measure would lead to a \"\u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/la-sheriff-villanueva-sticks-to-his-claim-about-a-possible-mandate-driven-mass-exodus-of-deputies\">mass exodus\u003c/a>\" of deputies who refuse to get vaccinated against the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, extremism experts have raised concerns about sheriff's departments' links to possible extremist groups. LAist recently reported that \u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/riverside-sheriff-chad-bianco-once-was-an-oath-keeper-defends-the-extremist-group\">the head of California's Riverside County Sheriff Department, Chad Bianco, had previously joined the Oath Keepers\u003c/a>. Bianco denounced the group's alleged role in the attack on the U.S. Capitol, but said that was unrepresentative of the Oath Keepers. \"They stand for protecting the Constitution,\" Bianco told LAist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and civil rights organizations have also noted the rise of a movement known as \"constitutional sheriffs.\" The Anti-Defamation League \u003ca href=\"https://www.adl.org/media/16889/download\">said\u003c/a> that the movement is based on the belief that \"the county sheriff is the ultimate authority in the county, able to halt enforcement of any federal or state law or measure they deem unconstitutional.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>In New York, an ongoing investigation\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Following \u003ca href=\"https://gothamist.com/news/hack-oath-keepers-militia-group-includes-names-active-nypd-officers-de-blasio-launches-investigation\">an investigation by WNYC/Gothamist\u003c/a> in September that found at least two active members of the New York Police Department on the leaked Oath Keepers list, city leaders quickly vowed action. The office of Mayor Bill de Blasio launched an investigation but has allowed the NYPD to conduct its own internal review into the two officers. A spokesperson for the mayor did not answer a detailed list of questions about the investigation's scope, but a recent statement from the police department suggests little may come of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although the investigation into the two members is still active, to date, the Internal Affairs Bureau has not found evidence supporting active memberships or participation in any Oath Keepers activities,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'A difficult balance'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/census-state-and-local-law-enforcement-agencies-2008\">nearly 18,000 state and local law enforcement agencies across the country\u003c/a>, there is little consensus around how — or even whether — departments should address the issue of officers joining anti-government organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you balance an officer's freedom of speech, freedom of association, with the need to maintain public trust and to ensure that they're delivering constitutional policing?\" said Sue Rahr, former sheriff of King County, Wash., and former executive director of the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. \"It's a difficult balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, extremism experts say law enforcement officers who take an oath only to defend the Constitution as they interpret it should be a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If an individual member of Oath Keepers disagrees with a Supreme Court ruling, Oath Keepers believe that they are entitled to not comply with that Supreme Court ruling because, as Oath Keepers would say, an unjust law is no law at all,\" said Sam Jackson, assistant professor in the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity at the University at Albany. \"That's really problematic to me and, really, I think undercuts our understanding of the rule of law and ideas about the universal application of law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During their 2021 legislative session, \u003ca href=\"https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=43.101.095\">lawmakers in Washington state passed legislation that would require pre-hire background checks of all peace and corrections officers\u003c/a> that include inquiry into ties to extremist organizations. It would also \u003ca href=\"https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=43.101.105\">permit the state to deny, suspend or revoke certification\u003c/a> to officers who are affiliated with extremist groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Rahr says there will likely be debate over which groups qualify as \"extremist.\" And, Washington's step toward regulating this issue appears to make it an outlier among states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although this has become a more prevalent conversation in jurisdictions across the country, many still do not specifically prohibit membership in extremist groups,\" said Cameron McEllhiney, director of training and education at The National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement. \"They often get around the issue by relying on policies that prohibit behavior that would be considered detrimental to the department.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Rahr, however, departments that fail to tackle this issue risk losing public trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cognitive science is very, very clear that personal beliefs impact perception, and your perception impacts your judgment. And so, if an officer has a deeply held belief that is contrary to fair and equitable policing, that's going to create a problem,\" she said. \"I think best practices would be to not hire [or] not allow certification of people who are actively involved in those groups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Active-duty+police+in+major+U.S.+cities+appear+on+purported+Oath+Keepers+rosters&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11895305/active-duty-police-in-major-u-s-cities-appear-on-purported-oath-keepers-rosters","authors":["byline_news_11895305"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_30202","news_19903","news_30201","news_116","news_21025"],"featImg":"news_11895306","label":"news","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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