As climate change intensifies droughts, “people are going to be, unfortunately, put in situations where they might feel that they need to take water, regardless of what the curtailment order is,” said Analise Rivero of California Trout, a conservation group and sponsor of the bill. Now, she said, “they will think twice.”
The legislation sailed through its final votes with little controversy, which is notable given that the state’s complex, gold-rush era system governing water rights often pits farmers and other water users against environmentalists.
Assembly Bill 460 was introduced in 2023 after CalMatters reported extensively on the standoff with Siskiyou County ranchers and the penalties imposed by the State Water Resources Control Board. It cleared the Senate in a 38 to 2 vote with no debate, before heading back to the Assembly, which approved the amendments with a final vote tally of 65 to 5.
The goal is “to make sure that we’re all playing by the rules — that we don’t have a tragedy of the commons, where some are taking more and others have none,” Assemblymember Rebecca Bauer-Kahan, a Democrat from San Ramon who authored the bill, said at a June hearing.
California’s powerful farm organization did not oppose the legislation after Bauer-Kahan removed provisions that would have allowed state officials to intervene more swiftly to halt “irreparable injury” to rivers, ecosystems and other water users. Opponents said those expanded powers could ensnare law-abiding water users.
With the changes, all the opposition from growers, irrigation districts, major urban water agencies and even San Francisco Mayor London Breed fell away.
The final version is what the bill should have been all along, said Alexandra Biering, the California Farm Bureau’s senior policy advocate: a strong deterrent to taking water illegally. “We have no problem with increased penalties,” she said.
California water watchers (PDF) and regulators have long bemoaned the state’s limited powers to police its water rights system, which establishes priority among users of finite supply of water from rivers and streams.
State officials say a lack of resources to monitor streams for illegal diversions and unclear information about who has rights to the water complicate enforcement.
“Knowing who’s allowed to take what and how much, and trying to administer that, can be very difficult,” said Yvonne West, director of the water board’s office of enforcement. “It’s time consuming. It is usually very investigative and labor intensive, and there are some ambiguities in the law that we can spend a lot of time arguing over.”
The bill aims to address some of the enforcement gaps laid bare in the Shasta Valley two years ago. With thirsty cattle, drying stock ponds and bills from buying water and hay mounting, a rural water association serving about 80 farmers and ranchers bucked state curtailment orders meant to protect flows in the Shasta River.
“We said, ‘To hell with it,’” Jim Scala, board president of the Shasta River Water Association at the time, told CalMatters in August 2022. “We’re starting the pumps.”
Flows in the river dropped for about a week — plummeting by nearly two-thirds in a single day (PDF), which wildlife officials and Tribes feared would jeopardize salmon in the Shasta River and the bigger Klamath River that it feeds. The water board warned the ranchers to stop the diversions (PDF), then imposed the maximum fine of $500 per day for eight days, or $4,000 (PDF) divided among about 80 ranchers.
For tribes and conservationists, the fine didn’t fit the crime. “We’re trying to protect the culture and the livelihood of people downstream,” Kenneth Brink (PDF), vice chairman of the Karuk Tribal Council, said at the June Senate hearing. “The salmon is a big part of our culture and our ceremonies, it’s not just a fish that swims up the river.”
Only if the violation had continued after a finalized cease and desist order — which requires a 20-day waiting period and the opportunity for a hearing — could the board have raised the fines to $10,000 a day. By then, the pumps had long been turned off.