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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"534\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mindshift2021-tunein-1200x628-1-1020x534.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23752\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mindshift2021-tunein-1200x628-1-1020x534.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mindshift2021-tunein-1200x628-1-800x419.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mindshift2021-tunein-1200x628-1-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mindshift2021-tunein-1200x628-1-768x402.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mindshift2021-tunein-1200x628-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>MindShift explores the future of learning and how we raise our kids. We report on how teaching is evolving to better meet the needs of students and how caregivers can better guide their children. This means examining the role of technology, discoveries about the brain, racial and gender bias in education, social and emotional learning, inequities, mental health and many other issues that affect students. We report on shifts in how educators teach as they apply innovative ideas to help students learn.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>MindShift has a unique audience of educators, parents, policy makers and life-long learners who engage in meaningful dialogue with one another on our social media platforms and email newsletter. Stay informed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/mindshift\">signing up for our email newsletter\u003c/a>, subscribing to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/mindshift\">MindShift Podcast\u003c/a>, or following us on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/KQED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facebook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>MindShift is a service of KQED News and was launched in 2010 by KQED and NPR. Ki Sung is MindShift’s senior editor. If you have questions, story pitches or just want to say hi, \u003ca href=\"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s/contactsupport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">contact us by email\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://aysps.gsu.edu/profile/jason-coupet/\">Jason Coupet\u003c/a> used to administer blue book exams before the COVID-19 pandemic, but when distance learning went into effect, the associate professor of public management policy at Georgia State University said that all exams went digital. However, after in-person classes resumed, exams remained online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Coupet started to feel the pressure of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64014/teens-are-looking-to-ai-for-answers-about-their-personal-lives-not-just-homework-help\">generative AI\u003c/a> permeating his students’ work, so as a faculty, Coupet and his colleagues started to think about ways to adjust to these changes. That’s when Coupet decided to go \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/ProfessaJay/status/1848796049982296559\">back to the paper blue book exams\u003c/a> – which can only be completed by hand-writing your answers in pen or pencil – for the 2024-25 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of generative AI and other types of cheating during remotely administered exams wasn’t the only reason for Coupet to change his exam format. When students took his exams at home on a computer or laptop, Coupet was required to put parameters on the exam that he normally wouldn’t have to for an in-class test that everyone took during the same class period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/science/new-test-for-computers-grading-essays-at-college-level.html\">decade\u003c/a> ago, using tech to administer and grade exams seemed like the dream come true as a responsive, time-saving tool. But now, with AI tools and rampant \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/08/another-year-ai-college-cheating/679502/\">cheating\u003c/a>, the protection of academic and intellectual integrity are being propped up by pen and paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coupet teaches public policy, so he likes for his exam questions to reflect real world dilemmas. Answers are hard to assess when students take tests at home with access to the internet. When students typed their answers, Coupet was concerned that they spent more time worrying about spell-checking and looking up correct answers. Switching to hand written exams ensures that students are focused solely on the content of the questions and applying their own knowledge and reason to the answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The Pen is Mightier Than the Keyboard\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Research suggests that writing by hand can be more beneficial for learning compared to typing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/63759/why-writing-by-hand-beats-typing-for-thinking-and-learning\">writing by hand\u003c/a>, visual motor systems in the brain that support reading are more active, said Sophia Vinci-Booher, an assistant professor of educational neuroscience at Vanderbilt University. Vinci-Booher has also found that handwriting increases letter recognition more than typing does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, when note-taking and testing modes align, a student is more likely to perform better than when the modes don’t align, said Vinci-Booher. For example, if exam answers are required to be handwritten, a student who also writes their notes by hand will be more likely to do better on the exam than if that same student were to type their answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This school year, Coupet learned that the overwhelming majority of his students had never taken a hand written exam in college. When he brought out the blue books for the first exam of the 2024-25 school year, he had to give detailed instructions about blue book standards, like where to write your name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coupet noticed an immediate difference in test results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students who didn’t come to class often showed their lack of preparation in their exam answers, and Coupet noticed more variation in these students’ answers. Students who weren’t prepared for the exam also struggled to apply reason to their answers—an important skill to master for future policy makers, he said. Previously, these struggles were masked by use of tech and what students actually didn’t know was obscured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Coupet will stick with blue book exams because it fits within his pedagogical style.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Grading in Blue Book\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcvt.edu/directories/employee-directory/alexandra-garrett/\">Alexandra Garrett\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of history at St Michael’s College, has never known anything different. She joined the faculty at St. Michael’s College during the 2022-2023 school year, and has only taught in-person classes. All three exams in her course on early American history are done in a blue book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Garrett sees a lot of spelling errors in written exams, she doesn’t factor grammatical inconsistencies into a student’s final score. She does expect students to give thorough and content driven exam answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some educators might wonder about reading handwriting, Garrett said that she’s only had to ask students to read their answers out loud, due to illegible handwriting, twice in her career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Administering blue book exams doesn’t seem to be as popular of a choice these days though. According to Garrett, some more experienced professors at her university have expressed surprise when she says that she’s ditched digital exams. But persistent plagiarism and unauthorized use of ChatGPT in student essays, have deterred Garrett from digital exams, and she doesn’t see herself moving away from blue books any time soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never not done blue books for exams and I have no incentive to change it,” said Garrett.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://aysps.gsu.edu/profile/jason-coupet/\">Jason Coupet\u003c/a> used to administer blue book exams before the COVID-19 pandemic, but when distance learning went into effect, the associate professor of public management policy at Georgia State University said that all exams went digital. However, after in-person classes resumed, exams remained online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Coupet started to feel the pressure of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64014/teens-are-looking-to-ai-for-answers-about-their-personal-lives-not-just-homework-help\">generative AI\u003c/a> permeating his students’ work, so as a faculty, Coupet and his colleagues started to think about ways to adjust to these changes. That’s when Coupet decided to go \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/ProfessaJay/status/1848796049982296559\">back to the paper blue book exams\u003c/a> – which can only be completed by hand-writing your answers in pen or pencil – for the 2024-25 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of generative AI and other types of cheating during remotely administered exams wasn’t the only reason for Coupet to change his exam format. When students took his exams at home on a computer or laptop, Coupet was required to put parameters on the exam that he normally wouldn’t have to for an in-class test that everyone took during the same class period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/science/new-test-for-computers-grading-essays-at-college-level.html\">decade\u003c/a> ago, using tech to administer and grade exams seemed like the dream come true as a responsive, time-saving tool. But now, with AI tools and rampant \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/08/another-year-ai-college-cheating/679502/\">cheating\u003c/a>, the protection of academic and intellectual integrity are being propped up by pen and paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coupet teaches public policy, so he likes for his exam questions to reflect real world dilemmas. Answers are hard to assess when students take tests at home with access to the internet. When students typed their answers, Coupet was concerned that they spent more time worrying about spell-checking and looking up correct answers. Switching to hand written exams ensures that students are focused solely on the content of the questions and applying their own knowledge and reason to the answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The Pen is Mightier Than the Keyboard\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Research suggests that writing by hand can be more beneficial for learning compared to typing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/63759/why-writing-by-hand-beats-typing-for-thinking-and-learning\">writing by hand\u003c/a>, visual motor systems in the brain that support reading are more active, said Sophia Vinci-Booher, an assistant professor of educational neuroscience at Vanderbilt University. Vinci-Booher has also found that handwriting increases letter recognition more than typing does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, when note-taking and testing modes align, a student is more likely to perform better than when the modes don’t align, said Vinci-Booher. For example, if exam answers are required to be handwritten, a student who also writes their notes by hand will be more likely to do better on the exam than if that same student were to type their answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This school year, Coupet learned that the overwhelming majority of his students had never taken a hand written exam in college. When he brought out the blue books for the first exam of the 2024-25 school year, he had to give detailed instructions about blue book standards, like where to write your name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coupet noticed an immediate difference in test results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students who didn’t come to class often showed their lack of preparation in their exam answers, and Coupet noticed more variation in these students’ answers. Students who weren’t prepared for the exam also struggled to apply reason to their answers—an important skill to master for future policy makers, he said. Previously, these struggles were masked by use of tech and what students actually didn’t know was obscured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Coupet will stick with blue book exams because it fits within his pedagogical style.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Grading in Blue Book\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcvt.edu/directories/employee-directory/alexandra-garrett/\">Alexandra Garrett\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of history at St Michael’s College, has never known anything different. She joined the faculty at St. Michael’s College during the 2022-2023 school year, and has only taught in-person classes. All three exams in her course on early American history are done in a blue book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Garrett sees a lot of spelling errors in written exams, she doesn’t factor grammatical inconsistencies into a student’s final score. She does expect students to give thorough and content driven exam answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some educators might wonder about reading handwriting, Garrett said that she’s only had to ask students to read their answers out loud, due to illegible handwriting, twice in her career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Administering blue book exams doesn’t seem to be as popular of a choice these days though. According to Garrett, some more experienced professors at her university have expressed surprise when she says that she’s ditched digital exams. But persistent plagiarism and unauthorized use of ChatGPT in student essays, have deterred Garrett from digital exams, and she doesn’t see herself moving away from blue books any time soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never not done blue books for exams and I have no incentive to change it,” said Garrett.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Here’s how I describe what a Chromebook is to a group of people who don’t know what a Chromebook is,” said middle school teacher and comedian Jonathan Williams in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@bored_teachers/video/7289166867279744298\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a comedy set\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. “It’s like a laptop, but broken.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His joke and others about broken Chromebooks are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@ballardco/video/7265437431233514794\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">echoed by\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@thesidesofteaching/video/7228382553135369518\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">educators\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@treybrosemer/video/7179318729329610030\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and students\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> likely because Chromebooks are omnipresent at schools. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/technology/what-the-massive-shift-to-1-to-1-computing-means-for-schools-in-charts/2022/05\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many schools adopted a “one-to-one” model\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, providing each student with a Chromebook. However, maintaining these devices has proven challenging.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The kids are breaking them because, well, kids are kids,” said Allison Bacon, a tech coordinator at Ossining School District in New York. Chromebook repairs can take time due to limited staff. Sometimes, the devices must be sent out for repairs, further delaying their return.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We asked our tech guys, the network specialists, if they could come in and just teach the kids some of the basic things [about Chromebooks],” said Bacon when she presented at the \u003ca href=\"https://conference.iste.org/2024/registration/closed.php\">International Society for Technology in Education Conference\u003c/a>. For example, students may think their Chromebook is broken when really the battery is dead and it won’t hold a charge, according to Bacon. The network specialists showed students that there was a simple way to go into the settings and check if that was the issue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The students felt empowered, Bacon said. “They were like, ‘What else can you show us?’” This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/55327/how-hands-on-projects-can-deepen-math-learning-for-teens\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hands-on learning approach\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> led to the creation of Ossining Middle School’s “Genius Bar,” inspired by Apple’s tech support model. Students met in the library during lunch to fix computers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pblworks.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/FreeBIE_Research_Summary.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62349/why-schoolyards-are-a-critical-space-for-teaching-about-and-fighting-extreme-heat-and-climate-change\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">project-based learning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can improve students’ retention and engagement. Additionally, project-based learning is well-suited to support \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.battelleforkids.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21st century skills, including critical thinking and self direction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. “One of the most important 21st-century skills is learning to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/52070/to-raise-confident-independent-kids-some-parents-are-trying-to-let-grow\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">figure things out independently\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” Bacon emphasized. The Genius Bar at Ossining Middle School aligned with students’ interests while equipping them with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62734/when-parents-only-focus-on-college-admissions-essential-skills-can-slip-through-the-cracks\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relevant skills\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to navigate and adapt to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61098/worried-about-chatgpt-and-cheating-here-are-4-things-teachers-should-know\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ever-changing technological landscape\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Encouraging agency and independent learning\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The learning didn’t stop at computer batteries, according to Bacon. Learning how to repair something they use every day with their own hands piqued students’ interest. Bacon and network specialists brought a few broken Chromebooks to one of the lunchtime training sessions and took them apart. “[The network specialist] actually showed every piece, every wire, what it is, what it does and how to unclip it,” Bacon said. The kids were able to take all of these broken devices and harvest the different parts and use them to repair other devices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Genius Bar’s success evolved from an informal lunchtime group to an after-school club where students could learn more about and fix Chromebooks. Students recognized how to make hardware repairs for their peers. Students were learning to be independent, Bacon said. “Rather than it going upstairs to have somebody do it, they can do it right there in the library,” Bacon added. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last year, Bacon got a grant to get a 3D printer and Genius Bar students said that they’d meet after school to put it together. “I was like ‘They’re 11 and 12 [years old] and this is like $2000 worth of stuff,”’ said Bacon. “But the reality is that people will rise to the bar that is given to them.” With help from one of the technology instructors, the students put together their 3D printer. Since then, they have also assembled microphones for podcasting and a mixing board. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Engaging all students, not just the high achieving ones\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Students, regardless of academic standing, found value in the Genius Bar program, including those needing additional learning support and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57787/tools-that-help-english-language-learners-online-and-in-person\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">English language learners\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Bacon attributes this to the fact that technology doesn’t only impact high achieving students. “We’ve all been using technology,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some students learned to log into Chromebooks for the first time, while others eagerly disassembled computers.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “[Hardware repair] is not a skill that we necessarily teach in school every day,” Bacon pointed out. “Unfortunately, kids have these wonderful skills that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60978/new-climate-legislation-could-create-9-million-jobs-will-students-be-ready-to-fill-them\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">don’t always align academically\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the things we’re doing. So this space really lets kids shine in fixing and understanding and just seeing how things are put together.” As a result, some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62913/the-job-market-is-changing-heres-how-educators-can-help-students-keep-up\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">students now aspire to tech-related careers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while others simply appreciate the practical knowledge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>21st century skills and high school\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Genius Bar’s impact was so significant that students advocated for a similar program at the high school level. They proposed an elective to the high school principal, who agreed to offer an accredited course. Bacon helped the students present their proposal to the Board of Education, leading to the launch of the Ossining High School Genius Bar class for the 2023-24 school year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We want them to be able to run the help desk — a student help desk,” said Oumar Sarr, who teaches the high school Genius Bar class. “We are also working in partnership with the tech department to get the students to learn the basics of troubleshooting computers, fixing some little problems that students and some teachers even have with their technology devices.” The class also includes a Google Level 1 certification that teaches students proficiency in Google Classroom tools like Gmail, Drive, and Calendar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarr’s goal is to encourage students to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58624/how-parents-and-educators-can-support-healthy-teen-use-of-social-media\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">think creatively about technology\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not just as consumers but as critical thinkers who can shape it. “We started talking about \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64014/teens-are-looking-to-ai-for-answers-about-their-personal-lives-not-just-homework-help\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AI technology and the impact it can have on students\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and our communities,” Sarr explained. “They are discovering that technology, like everything else, needs to be channeled. It needs to be put into a route that will help, because if not, technology can be destructive.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Genius Bar class, students guide discussions and work on projects that interest them. The class “puts the learning into the hands of the students,” said Sarr. “I want it to be a place where students are independent and they can drive the class where they need to take it. And I will be there to assist them and to facilitate their learning.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Here’s how I describe what a Chromebook is to a group of people who don’t know what a Chromebook is,” said middle school teacher and comedian Jonathan Williams in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@bored_teachers/video/7289166867279744298\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a comedy set\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. “It’s like a laptop, but broken.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His joke and others about broken Chromebooks are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@ballardco/video/7265437431233514794\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">echoed by\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@thesidesofteaching/video/7228382553135369518\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">educators\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@treybrosemer/video/7179318729329610030\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and students\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> likely because Chromebooks are omnipresent at schools. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/technology/what-the-massive-shift-to-1-to-1-computing-means-for-schools-in-charts/2022/05\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many schools adopted a “one-to-one” model\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, providing each student with a Chromebook. However, maintaining these devices has proven challenging.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The kids are breaking them because, well, kids are kids,” said Allison Bacon, a tech coordinator at Ossining School District in New York. Chromebook repairs can take time due to limited staff. Sometimes, the devices must be sent out for repairs, further delaying their return.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We asked our tech guys, the network specialists, if they could come in and just teach the kids some of the basic things [about Chromebooks],” said Bacon when she presented at the \u003ca href=\"https://conference.iste.org/2024/registration/closed.php\">International Society for Technology in Education Conference\u003c/a>. For example, students may think their Chromebook is broken when really the battery is dead and it won’t hold a charge, according to Bacon. The network specialists showed students that there was a simple way to go into the settings and check if that was the issue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The students felt empowered, Bacon said. “They were like, ‘What else can you show us?’” This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/55327/how-hands-on-projects-can-deepen-math-learning-for-teens\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hands-on learning approach\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> led to the creation of Ossining Middle School’s “Genius Bar,” inspired by Apple’s tech support model. Students met in the library during lunch to fix computers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pblworks.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/FreeBIE_Research_Summary.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62349/why-schoolyards-are-a-critical-space-for-teaching-about-and-fighting-extreme-heat-and-climate-change\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">project-based learning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can improve students’ retention and engagement. Additionally, project-based learning is well-suited to support \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.battelleforkids.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21st century skills, including critical thinking and self direction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. “One of the most important 21st-century skills is learning to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/52070/to-raise-confident-independent-kids-some-parents-are-trying-to-let-grow\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">figure things out independently\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” Bacon emphasized. The Genius Bar at Ossining Middle School aligned with students’ interests while equipping them with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62734/when-parents-only-focus-on-college-admissions-essential-skills-can-slip-through-the-cracks\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relevant skills\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to navigate and adapt to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61098/worried-about-chatgpt-and-cheating-here-are-4-things-teachers-should-know\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ever-changing technological landscape\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Encouraging agency and independent learning\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The learning didn’t stop at computer batteries, according to Bacon. Learning how to repair something they use every day with their own hands piqued students’ interest. Bacon and network specialists brought a few broken Chromebooks to one of the lunchtime training sessions and took them apart. “[The network specialist] actually showed every piece, every wire, what it is, what it does and how to unclip it,” Bacon said. The kids were able to take all of these broken devices and harvest the different parts and use them to repair other devices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Genius Bar’s success evolved from an informal lunchtime group to an after-school club where students could learn more about and fix Chromebooks. Students recognized how to make hardware repairs for their peers. Students were learning to be independent, Bacon said. “Rather than it going upstairs to have somebody do it, they can do it right there in the library,” Bacon added. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last year, Bacon got a grant to get a 3D printer and Genius Bar students said that they’d meet after school to put it together. “I was like ‘They’re 11 and 12 [years old] and this is like $2000 worth of stuff,”’ said Bacon. “But the reality is that people will rise to the bar that is given to them.” With help from one of the technology instructors, the students put together their 3D printer. Since then, they have also assembled microphones for podcasting and a mixing board. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Engaging all students, not just the high achieving ones\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Students, regardless of academic standing, found value in the Genius Bar program, including those needing additional learning support and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57787/tools-that-help-english-language-learners-online-and-in-person\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">English language learners\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Bacon attributes this to the fact that technology doesn’t only impact high achieving students. “We’ve all been using technology,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some students learned to log into Chromebooks for the first time, while others eagerly disassembled computers.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “[Hardware repair] is not a skill that we necessarily teach in school every day,” Bacon pointed out. “Unfortunately, kids have these wonderful skills that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60978/new-climate-legislation-could-create-9-million-jobs-will-students-be-ready-to-fill-them\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">don’t always align academically\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the things we’re doing. So this space really lets kids shine in fixing and understanding and just seeing how things are put together.” As a result, some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62913/the-job-market-is-changing-heres-how-educators-can-help-students-keep-up\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">students now aspire to tech-related careers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while others simply appreciate the practical knowledge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>21st century skills and high school\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Genius Bar’s impact was so significant that students advocated for a similar program at the high school level. They proposed an elective to the high school principal, who agreed to offer an accredited course. Bacon helped the students present their proposal to the Board of Education, leading to the launch of the Ossining High School Genius Bar class for the 2023-24 school year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We want them to be able to run the help desk — a student help desk,” said Oumar Sarr, who teaches the high school Genius Bar class. “We are also working in partnership with the tech department to get the students to learn the basics of troubleshooting computers, fixing some little problems that students and some teachers even have with their technology devices.” The class also includes a Google Level 1 certification that teaches students proficiency in Google Classroom tools like Gmail, Drive, and Calendar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarr’s goal is to encourage students to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58624/how-parents-and-educators-can-support-healthy-teen-use-of-social-media\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">think creatively about technology\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not just as consumers but as critical thinkers who can shape it. “We started talking about \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64014/teens-are-looking-to-ai-for-answers-about-their-personal-lives-not-just-homework-help\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AI technology and the impact it can have on students\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and our communities,” Sarr explained. “They are discovering that technology, like everything else, needs to be channeled. It needs to be put into a route that will help, because if not, technology can be destructive.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Genius Bar class, students guide discussions and work on projects that interest them. The class “puts the learning into the hands of the students,” said Sarr. “I want it to be a place where students are independent and they can drive the class where they need to take it. And I will be there to assist them and to facilitate their learning.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "three-barriers-to-learning-algebra-in-high-poverty-middle-schools",
"title": "Three Barriers to Learning Algebra in High-Poverty Middle Schools",
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"content": "\u003cp>Like learning to read by third grade, taking eighth grade math is a pivotal moment in a child’s education. Students who pass Algebra 1 in eighth grade are more likely to sign up for more advanced math courses, and those who pass more advanced math courses are more likely to graduate from college and earn more money. “Algebra in eighth grade is a gateway to a lot of further opportunities,” said Dan Goldhaber, an economist who studies education at the American Institutes for Research, in a recent webinar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are trying to understand why so few Black and Hispanic students and low-income students of all races are making it through this early gate. While 25 percent of white students passed algebra in eighth grade in 2021, only 13 percent of Black students did, according to the most recent \u003ca href=\"https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/\">data from the U.S. Department of Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collection of surveys of teachers and principals, conducted by the research organization RAND, suggests three problems at the poorest middle schools, which are disproportionately populated with Black and Hispanic students. Many don’t offer algebra at all. Their teachers have less training and math expertise, and they describe how they spend classroom time differently than teachers do at wealthier schools. That means the most advanced students at many middle schools in poor communities don’t have the opportunity to learn algebra, and many students at high-poverty schools aren’t receiving the kind of math lessons that could help them get ready for the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2023 and 2024, RAND surveyed more than 3,000 school principals and almost 1,000 math teachers across the country. The educators are part of a specially constructed national sample, designed to reflect all public schools and the demographics of the U.S. student population. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WRA3554-1.html\">working paper\u003c/a> analyzing some of the survey findings was released in October 2024. (\u003cem>That analysis was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report\u003c/em>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poorest 25 percent of schools had vastly different course offerings and teachers than the wealthiest 25 percent. Most strikingly, nearly a quarter of the highest poverty schools didn’t offer algebra at all to any eighth graders, compared to only 6 percent of the wealthiest schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, poor schools are much less likely to adopt an algebra-for-all policy for eighth graders. Nearly half of the wealthiest schools offered algebra to all of their eighth grade students, compared to about a third of the poorest schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64982\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64982\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1-800x432.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1-160x86.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1-768x414.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slide from a RAND webinar, “Racial and Socioeconomic Divides in Algebra Teaching and Learning,” presented in November 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Math teachers at high-poverty schools tended to have weaker professional preparation. They were far more likely to have entered the profession without first earning a traditional education degree at a college or university, instead completing an alternative certification program on the job, often without student teaching under supervision. And they were less likely to have a graduate degree or hold a mathematics credential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64983\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64983\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2-800x438.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2-160x88.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2-768x421.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slide from a RAND webinar, “Racial and Socioeconomic Divides in Algebra Teaching and Learning,” presented in November 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In surveys, a third of math teachers at high-poverty schools reported that they spent more than half of class time teaching topics that were below grade level, as well as managing student behavior and disciplining students. Lecture-style instruction, as opposed to classroom discussion, was far more common at the poorest schools compared to the wealthiest schools. RAND researchers also detected similar discrepancies in instructional patterns when they examined schools along racial and ethnic lines, with Black and Hispanic students receiving “less optimal” instruction than white students. But these discrepancies were stronger by income than by race, suggesting that poverty may be a bigger factor than bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64984\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64984\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-800x443.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-768x425.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slide from a RAND webinar, “Racial and Socioeconomic Divides in Algebra Teaching and Learning,” presented in November 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many communities have tried putting more eighth graders into algebra classes, but that has sometimes left unprepared students worse off. “Simply giving them an eighth grade algebra course is not a magic bullet,” said AIR’s Goldhaber, who commented on the RAND analysis during a Nov. 5 \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/events/2024/11/racial-and-socioeconomic-divides-in-algebra-teaching-and-learning/invite.html\">webinar\u003c/a>. Either the material is too challenging and the students fail or the course was “algebra” in name only and didn’t really cover the content. And without a college preparatory track of advanced math classes to take after algebra, the benefits of taking Algebra 1 in eighth grade are unlikely to accrue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not economically practical for many low-income middle schools to offer an Algebra 1 course when only a handful of students are advanced enough to take it. A teacher would have to be hired even for a few students and those resources might be more effectively spent on something else that would benefit more students. That puts the most advanced students at low-income schools at a particular disadvantage. “It’s a difficult issue for schools to tackle on their own,” said Goldhaber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improving math teacher quality at the poorest schools is a critical first step. Some researchers have suggested paying strong math teachers more to work at high-poverty schools, but that would also require the renegotiation of union contracts in many cities. And, even with financial incentives, there is a shortage of math teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For students, AIR’s Goldhaber argues the time to intervene in math is in elementary school to make sure more low-income students have strong basic math skills. “Do it before middle school,” said Goldhaber. “For many students, middle school is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-eighth-grade-algebra/\">\u003cem>eighth grade math\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Proof Points\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and other \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like learning to read by third grade, taking eighth grade math is a pivotal moment in a child’s education. Students who pass Algebra 1 in eighth grade are more likely to sign up for more advanced math courses, and those who pass more advanced math courses are more likely to graduate from college and earn more money. “Algebra in eighth grade is a gateway to a lot of further opportunities,” said Dan Goldhaber, an economist who studies education at the American Institutes for Research, in a recent webinar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are trying to understand why so few Black and Hispanic students and low-income students of all races are making it through this early gate. While 25 percent of white students passed algebra in eighth grade in 2021, only 13 percent of Black students did, according to the most recent \u003ca href=\"https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/\">data from the U.S. Department of Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collection of surveys of teachers and principals, conducted by the research organization RAND, suggests three problems at the poorest middle schools, which are disproportionately populated with Black and Hispanic students. Many don’t offer algebra at all. Their teachers have less training and math expertise, and they describe how they spend classroom time differently than teachers do at wealthier schools. That means the most advanced students at many middle schools in poor communities don’t have the opportunity to learn algebra, and many students at high-poverty schools aren’t receiving the kind of math lessons that could help them get ready for the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2023 and 2024, RAND surveyed more than 3,000 school principals and almost 1,000 math teachers across the country. The educators are part of a specially constructed national sample, designed to reflect all public schools and the demographics of the U.S. student population. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WRA3554-1.html\">working paper\u003c/a> analyzing some of the survey findings was released in October 2024. (\u003cem>That analysis was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report\u003c/em>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poorest 25 percent of schools had vastly different course offerings and teachers than the wealthiest 25 percent. Most strikingly, nearly a quarter of the highest poverty schools didn’t offer algebra at all to any eighth graders, compared to only 6 percent of the wealthiest schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, poor schools are much less likely to adopt an algebra-for-all policy for eighth graders. Nearly half of the wealthiest schools offered algebra to all of their eighth grade students, compared to about a third of the poorest schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64982\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64982\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1-800x432.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1-160x86.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-1-768x414.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slide from a RAND webinar, “Racial and Socioeconomic Divides in Algebra Teaching and Learning,” presented in November 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Math teachers at high-poverty schools tended to have weaker professional preparation. They were far more likely to have entered the profession without first earning a traditional education degree at a college or university, instead completing an alternative certification program on the job, often without student teaching under supervision. And they were less likely to have a graduate degree or hold a mathematics credential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64983\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64983\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2-800x438.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2-160x88.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-2-768x421.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slide from a RAND webinar, “Racial and Socioeconomic Divides in Algebra Teaching and Learning,” presented in November 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In surveys, a third of math teachers at high-poverty schools reported that they spent more than half of class time teaching topics that were below grade level, as well as managing student behavior and disciplining students. Lecture-style instruction, as opposed to classroom discussion, was far more common at the poorest schools compared to the wealthiest schools. RAND researchers also detected similar discrepancies in instructional patterns when they examined schools along racial and ethnic lines, with Black and Hispanic students receiving “less optimal” instruction than white students. But these discrepancies were stronger by income than by race, suggesting that poverty may be a bigger factor than bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64984\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64984\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-800x443.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-768x425.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/11/Hechinger-Rand-3-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slide from a RAND webinar, “Racial and Socioeconomic Divides in Algebra Teaching and Learning,” presented in November 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many communities have tried putting more eighth graders into algebra classes, but that has sometimes left unprepared students worse off. “Simply giving them an eighth grade algebra course is not a magic bullet,” said AIR’s Goldhaber, who commented on the RAND analysis during a Nov. 5 \u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/events/2024/11/racial-and-socioeconomic-divides-in-algebra-teaching-and-learning/invite.html\">webinar\u003c/a>. Either the material is too challenging and the students fail or the course was “algebra” in name only and didn’t really cover the content. And without a college preparatory track of advanced math classes to take after algebra, the benefits of taking Algebra 1 in eighth grade are unlikely to accrue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not economically practical for many low-income middle schools to offer an Algebra 1 course when only a handful of students are advanced enough to take it. A teacher would have to be hired even for a few students and those resources might be more effectively spent on something else that would benefit more students. That puts the most advanced students at low-income schools at a particular disadvantage. “It’s a difficult issue for schools to tackle on their own,” said Goldhaber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improving math teacher quality at the poorest schools is a critical first step. Some researchers have suggested paying strong math teachers more to work at high-poverty schools, but that would also require the renegotiation of union contracts in many cities. And, even with financial incentives, there is a shortage of math teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For students, AIR’s Goldhaber argues the time to intervene in math is in elementary school to make sure more low-income students have strong basic math skills. “Do it before middle school,” said Goldhaber. “For many students, middle school is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-eighth-grade-algebra/\">\u003cem>eighth grade math\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Proof Points\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and other \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60639/a-new-ai-chatbot-might-do-your-homework-for-you-but-its-still-not-an-a-student\">ChatGPT\u003c/a> was released to the public in November of 2022, it didn’t take long for the technology to make its way into K-12 classrooms across the country. Now, two years later, schools are starting to develop guidance for teachers and students addressing the use of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64575/kids-who-use-chatgpt-as-a-study-assistant-do-worse-on-tests\">generative AI in the classroom\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new tools, understanding and adopting AI comes with a learning curve. That means teaching the teachers to think about AI innovation in meaningful ways, according to Raphael Amadek, the director of technology and innovation for a school district in rural Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 2024-25 school year, Amadek’s school district developed clearly laid out guidelines for generative AI use both by students and teachers. Teacher professional development is also specifically designed to give educators a foundational understanding of how AI works. For now, Amadek and his district discourages teachers from using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/63809/ai-essay-grading-could-help-overburdened-teachers-but-researchers-say-it-needs-more-work\">generative AI for grading\u003c/a> purposes; if a teacher is interested in using those tools, they must get guidance from a school leader first. Teachers are also barred from using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62317/how-easy-is-it-to-fool-chatgpt-detectors\">AI detection tools\u003c/a> on student work to detect authenticity or cheating, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AI detection software is still in development and at best “all it can give you is a probability” of \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/episode/1NpZmVN1aeE7htILkbBOqk\">AI generated content use\u003c/a>, said Jesse Dukes, of MIT’s Teaching Systems Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amadek’s district has specified which generative AI platforms are approved for use by teachers – \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62462/8-free-ai-powered-tools-that-can-save-teachers-time-and-enhance-instruction\">Google Gemini, ChatGPT, Perplexity, and MagicSchool AI\u003c/a> made the list – but use is up to the teacher’s discretion. The educators are aware that their tools and policies may change due to the quick pace of evolving AI technologies, but it’s important to try. “We’re not going to get it right the first try,” said Amadek, but “we’re going to get feedback from experts,” and “we’re going to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Deciding When to use AI in the Classroom and When to Leave it Behind\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-guidotti-162b0072/\">Kevin Guidotti\u003c/a> encourages teachers in his district to experiment with AI, but to do so “with a healthy dose of skepticism.” Guidotti is the director of technology and professional learning for a school district in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district offers Cyber Week, an optional week during the summer for teachers to explore innovative teaching practices. This past summer, Cyber Week’s topic was AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the district has low stakes, monthly, hour-long meetings where teachers can explore generative AI without the expectation that they incorporate it immediately into their classroom or teaching. “I believe that the lack of that expectation of an outcome…breeds more innovation in our schools,” said Guidotti.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>AI’s Broader Implications\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of experimenting with AI is about helping teachers enhance instruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although AI tools might seem helpful in day-to-day tasks, generative AI tools for instructional design must have a critical lens, according to \u003ca href=\"https://marcwatkins.org/home-3/about-me/\">Marc Watkins\u003c/a>, director of the Mississippi Institute for Teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watkins pointed to \u003ca href=\"https://aipedagogy.org/\">Harvard’s AI Pedagogy Project\u003c/a> as a resource for teachers looking to learn more about the ethical use of AI and practical tools. The Modern Language Association has also collaborated with Conference on College Composition and Communication to form a \u003ca href=\"https://aiandwriting.hcommons.org/\">task force on writing and AI\u003c/a> dedicated to developing guidelines and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes down to creating content that’s for distribution for students, we ask the teachers to be transparent” about the use of AI generated activities or lesson plans, said Guidotti. When a teacher discloses their own use of AI to students, it creates an opportunity for a broader conversation about when it may or may not be appropriate to use AI in an education setting, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dukes, AI isn’t particularly good at creating curricula. Instead, he suggested using AI to generate creative word problems and activities that fit into an existing curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Experimentation [with AI] can be useful and fun, particularly if the teacher is intellectually engaged in that process and is paying close attention because AI makes a lot of mistakes,” said Dukes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dukes also warned about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64139/researchers-warn-of-potential-for-racial-bias-in-ai-apps-in-the-classroom\">explicit and implicit biases\u003c/a> when it comes to using tools like AI detection software and AI grading especially if the output will be assessed for punishment or disciplinary actions. “[Teacher] biases are going to shape the decisions they make about who to investigate, and that has implications,” said Dukes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting student privacy and data, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62986/demystifying-copyright-for-teachers-and-students\">copyright infringement\u003c/a>, and disclosure of use are also big ethical implications to consider when using AI as a teacher. For example, “you definitely don’t want to give ChatGPT your students’ names,” said Dukes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Watkins, AI that provides feedback to students like OpenAI can prioritize white standardized vernacular in English, leaving out students who may speak and write from a different cultural framework. Students might also “have neurodiversity that requires a different level of nuance to be brought to the assessment process,” Watkins continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with an agreed upon set of policies and tools, change is inevitable. According to Dukes, the real challenge is that in a few years, once understanding of AI technologies is better, “then we might have a whole new generation of AI capabilities, and AI powered tools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Teachers are Still Hesitant About Using AI\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/MarcusLuther6\">Marcus Luther\u003c/a>, a high school English teacher in Oregon, AI’s implementation in the classroom and in K-12 teaching has moved too quickly. He doesn’t use AI in his lesson planning or classroom, and his current curriculum standards don’t require him to teach his students about AI use. He doesn’t feel confident enough with the ever-growing technology of generative AI to use it outside of curriculum standards in a thoughtful, ethical, and academically minded way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he has had one professional development session to address AI tools for educators, but the approaches he’s seen haven’t made him feel supported in implementing AI in the classroom because of broader implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What he’s looking for is to deepen the process of learning and isn’t sure the tools he’s seen accomplish that, but may favor a “shortcut towards efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like we’re skipping past the conversations about what’s ethical,” he said. “I think we’re skipping right to the tools.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60639/a-new-ai-chatbot-might-do-your-homework-for-you-but-its-still-not-an-a-student\">ChatGPT\u003c/a> was released to the public in November of 2022, it didn’t take long for the technology to make its way into K-12 classrooms across the country. Now, two years later, schools are starting to develop guidance for teachers and students addressing the use of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64575/kids-who-use-chatgpt-as-a-study-assistant-do-worse-on-tests\">generative AI in the classroom\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new tools, understanding and adopting AI comes with a learning curve. That means teaching the teachers to think about AI innovation in meaningful ways, according to Raphael Amadek, the director of technology and innovation for a school district in rural Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 2024-25 school year, Amadek’s school district developed clearly laid out guidelines for generative AI use both by students and teachers. Teacher professional development is also specifically designed to give educators a foundational understanding of how AI works. For now, Amadek and his district discourages teachers from using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/63809/ai-essay-grading-could-help-overburdened-teachers-but-researchers-say-it-needs-more-work\">generative AI for grading\u003c/a> purposes; if a teacher is interested in using those tools, they must get guidance from a school leader first. Teachers are also barred from using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62317/how-easy-is-it-to-fool-chatgpt-detectors\">AI detection tools\u003c/a> on student work to detect authenticity or cheating, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AI detection software is still in development and at best “all it can give you is a probability” of \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/episode/1NpZmVN1aeE7htILkbBOqk\">AI generated content use\u003c/a>, said Jesse Dukes, of MIT’s Teaching Systems Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amadek’s district has specified which generative AI platforms are approved for use by teachers – \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62462/8-free-ai-powered-tools-that-can-save-teachers-time-and-enhance-instruction\">Google Gemini, ChatGPT, Perplexity, and MagicSchool AI\u003c/a> made the list – but use is up to the teacher’s discretion. The educators are aware that their tools and policies may change due to the quick pace of evolving AI technologies, but it’s important to try. “We’re not going to get it right the first try,” said Amadek, but “we’re going to get feedback from experts,” and “we’re going to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Deciding When to use AI in the Classroom and When to Leave it Behind\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-guidotti-162b0072/\">Kevin Guidotti\u003c/a> encourages teachers in his district to experiment with AI, but to do so “with a healthy dose of skepticism.” Guidotti is the director of technology and professional learning for a school district in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district offers Cyber Week, an optional week during the summer for teachers to explore innovative teaching practices. This past summer, Cyber Week’s topic was AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the district has low stakes, monthly, hour-long meetings where teachers can explore generative AI without the expectation that they incorporate it immediately into their classroom or teaching. “I believe that the lack of that expectation of an outcome…breeds more innovation in our schools,” said Guidotti.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>AI’s Broader Implications\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of experimenting with AI is about helping teachers enhance instruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although AI tools might seem helpful in day-to-day tasks, generative AI tools for instructional design must have a critical lens, according to \u003ca href=\"https://marcwatkins.org/home-3/about-me/\">Marc Watkins\u003c/a>, director of the Mississippi Institute for Teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watkins pointed to \u003ca href=\"https://aipedagogy.org/\">Harvard’s AI Pedagogy Project\u003c/a> as a resource for teachers looking to learn more about the ethical use of AI and practical tools. The Modern Language Association has also collaborated with Conference on College Composition and Communication to form a \u003ca href=\"https://aiandwriting.hcommons.org/\">task force on writing and AI\u003c/a> dedicated to developing guidelines and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes down to creating content that’s for distribution for students, we ask the teachers to be transparent” about the use of AI generated activities or lesson plans, said Guidotti. When a teacher discloses their own use of AI to students, it creates an opportunity for a broader conversation about when it may or may not be appropriate to use AI in an education setting, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dukes, AI isn’t particularly good at creating curricula. Instead, he suggested using AI to generate creative word problems and activities that fit into an existing curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Experimentation [with AI] can be useful and fun, particularly if the teacher is intellectually engaged in that process and is paying close attention because AI makes a lot of mistakes,” said Dukes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dukes also warned about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/64139/researchers-warn-of-potential-for-racial-bias-in-ai-apps-in-the-classroom\">explicit and implicit biases\u003c/a> when it comes to using tools like AI detection software and AI grading especially if the output will be assessed for punishment or disciplinary actions. “[Teacher] biases are going to shape the decisions they make about who to investigate, and that has implications,” said Dukes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting student privacy and data, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62986/demystifying-copyright-for-teachers-and-students\">copyright infringement\u003c/a>, and disclosure of use are also big ethical implications to consider when using AI as a teacher. For example, “you definitely don’t want to give ChatGPT your students’ names,” said Dukes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Watkins, AI that provides feedback to students like OpenAI can prioritize white standardized vernacular in English, leaving out students who may speak and write from a different cultural framework. Students might also “have neurodiversity that requires a different level of nuance to be brought to the assessment process,” Watkins continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with an agreed upon set of policies and tools, change is inevitable. According to Dukes, the real challenge is that in a few years, once understanding of AI technologies is better, “then we might have a whole new generation of AI capabilities, and AI powered tools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Teachers are Still Hesitant About Using AI\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/MarcusLuther6\">Marcus Luther\u003c/a>, a high school English teacher in Oregon, AI’s implementation in the classroom and in K-12 teaching has moved too quickly. He doesn’t use AI in his lesson planning or classroom, and his current curriculum standards don’t require him to teach his students about AI use. He doesn’t feel confident enough with the ever-growing technology of generative AI to use it outside of curriculum standards in a thoughtful, ethical, and academically minded way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he has had one professional development session to address AI tools for educators, but the approaches he’s seen haven’t made him feel supported in implementing AI in the classroom because of broader implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What he’s looking for is to deepen the process of learning and isn’t sure the tools he’s seen accomplish that, but may favor a “shortcut towards efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When former educator \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.daniellebayardjackson.com/home\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Danielle Bayard Jackson\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was called into the principal’s office, she was told to stop reading whole books with her students. She was advised to focus on chapters and summaries instead, in preparation for upcoming standardized tests that emphasized shorter passages. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I knew I was being asked to do something that would be a disservice to my kids,” Jackson recalled. She continued to read full books with her students, who later scored well on the standardized tests. Jackson’s experience is common; many teachers face pressure to use excerpts rather than complete works, which aligns with test formats but \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/11/the-elite-college-students-who-cant-read-books/679945/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">may impact students’ reading endurance and comprehension\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, according to journalist Rose Horowitch in The Atlantic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Horowitch’s interviews with college professors reveal concerns about students’ reading skills, even at elite institutions. “Professors were clear-eyed about the fact that students have probably never done all of the reading,” she said. Yet today’s students struggle with vocabulary and understanding a book’s overarching structure, often losing track of plots and complex narratives.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61018/want-kids-to-love-reading-authors-grace-lin-and-kate-messner-share-how-to-find-wonder-in-books\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">well-documented benefits of reading\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the focus on testing has pushed many to bypass the unique advantages of full-length books. However, reintroducing full-length texts may unlock the rewards of sustained reading.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Making connections and Cultivating Empathy\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Full books are particularly effective at fostering empathy in readers and students may miss out on developing these qualities when they only read shorter passages. Additionally, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3559433/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research shows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that fiction elicits emotions from readers, who are likely to get “lost” in the narrative and identify with characters. “You could read about somebody and connect with them even if they lived a thousand years ago or far away or had such a different life,” Horowitch said. Discussions about characters and storylines, experts noted, can nurture these skills.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading also enables students to make broader connections to the world, whether it has to do with global events, personal conflicts, or societal dynamics. These connections to real life events are called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/text-text-text-self-text-world-0\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">text-to-world connections\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. According to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://firstbook.org/solutions/diverse-books-study/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a recent study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, students engage more deeply when books have \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/55039/how-the-disrupttexts-movement-can-help-english-teachers-be-more-inclusive\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diverse characters and relatable topics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jackson recalled teaching \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lord of the Flies\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to her high schoolers. “It’s just such a cool and very important book about governing and groupthink,” she said. Through class discussions about personal experiences and acting out sections from the book, her students saw parallels between the characters’ experiences and situations they observe around them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Books also teach students to recognize how events unfold. “You’re noticing foreshadowing from chapter one, and then seeing it all come together in chapter 16,” Jackson noted as she recalled the excitement students will feel when they recognize a connection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This emotional engagement helps students develop skills beyond reading, such as navigating nuanced arguments and reflecting on their own experiences, Horowitch said. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://virginialibrariesjournal.org/articles/10.21061/valib.v63i1.1474\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading fiction is shown to make people more open to changing their minds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> —a valuable trait, especially as empathy-related activities like volunteerism decline and issues such as bullying increase.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Building Endurance\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading entire books strengthens students’ endurance and focus, according to Horowitch. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s really a skill to stay on one task for an extended period,” she said, sharing a professor’s observation that some students even struggle to focus on a 14-line sonnet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While technology’s role in diminishing attention spans isn’t definitive, studies suggest people \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59602/paper-books-linked-to-stronger-readers-in-an-international-study\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">read more deeply in physical books\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> than on digital devices, which can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57734/distracted-these-four-learning-strategies-can-help\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">distract with notifications\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Although students might \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61287/beyond-reading-logs-and-lexile-levels-supporting-students-multifaceted-reading-lives\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">read more than ever through social media\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the fragmented format doesn’t build reading stamina. “I don’t think anybody’s deep-reading Twitter comments,” Horowitch said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’re good at what you practice. And the more time you spend reading these really small snippets of little words, whether it’s an Instagram comment or watching a TikTok video, that’s just what you’re used to,” said Horowitch. She added that sometimes it can be hard to read something that isn’t immediately rewarding the way that social media is. Students also spend \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/well/family/child-social-media-use.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">more time on social media than they ever have before\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, leaving less time for reading for fun. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is possible to gain that reading stamina back. Horowitch said that some people have experimented with committing to read a certain amount of pages and then steadily increasing the number of pages they read in one sitting. Danielle also said that it could be helpful for teachers to relate to students’ experiences when they struggle with a text. “When I read this in school, it kind of threw me off, too,” she would say, “But I’ve got you. I’m here with you.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC2189171731\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> Welcome to MindShift. Where we discuss the future of learning and how we raise our kids. I’m Nimah Gobir. You might’ve heard about The Atlantic article making waves lately. The headline? Some students—even those at elite universities—are struggling to read entire books. Whether you’ve read it yourself or just caught bits of the buzz, we’re here to break it down and get to the core of what’s really going on. Is this a crisis we need to worry about? Or is it just headline hype? Rose Horowitch wrote the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> I write primarily about education with some politics and general interest stories mixed in. I kept hearing scattered reports from professors that they were really noticing a change in their students reading habits over the past decade. And I was curious to see, you know, whether this was something that just a few people were experiencing or whether it was a much broader phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> Rose talked to professors and learned that it wasn’t that college students don’t know how to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Their students are literate, you know, they can decode words and read sentences, but they have much narrower vocabularies than they used to. They really struggle digging into a text, getting through a text that might, you know, be sort of challenging that they kind of reached their limit much earlier, that they struggle to and even deal sort of with the architecture of a book and focus on small details while keeping in mind the overall plot and how they fit together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> And surprisingly, it’s not just books that students are struggling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> One thing that was sort of jaw-dropping for me was speaking with the chair of Georgetown University’s English department, and he was saying that he really notices these changes even when students are reading a sonnet and that, you know, it can be you can be reading something that’s 14 lines and it’s still just can be really hard for them to focus on it and get through it and really wrestle with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> I asked Rose about the possible causes, and one was a usual suspect: digital media and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> In speaking with experts, you know, they definitely did think that smartphones and social media played a role. You know, it seems that there was some disagreement over whether smartphones are really kind of rewiring people’s brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> There are so many things that affect a person’s attention span, that it’s hard to definitively say tech hurts learning. However, research by the National Library of Medicine shows that some tech is designed to draw people’s attention. These are known as persuasive technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch: \u003c/strong> It’s always engaging, always fun. And so it’s very hard to to kind of read something that’s not immediately rewarding. And another aspect of that is just that it’s like being on your smartphone just takes up so much time that, you know, people also seem to be reading a lot less just for fun because, you know, they’re spending their time on social media instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> But, on the other hand, some literacy experts say we’re reading more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Just in shorter bursts and, you know, with less kind of care. I mean, I don’t think anybody’s like deep reading their Twitter comments. Um There’s a lot of research that people sort of do tend to read more deeply when they’re reading on a print page instead of on a screen. Because it is really a skill to just stay on one task for an extended period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> While it’s easy to blame technology, it’s not the only factor here.There’s also the role of schools and teaching. We’re going to take a quick break, and when we’re back, we’ll look at how education might be playing a part in this trend and what teachers can do to help. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nimah Gobir: I thought we could just blame everything on tech and call it a day, but high schools and middle school play a role in students’ reading abilities too. The subtitle on Rose Horowitch’s article in the Atlantic says, “To read a book in college, it helps to have read a book in high school.” And when I saw that I got a little chill because It’s like when the character in a scary movie realizes the call is coming from inside the house… or should i say inside our grade school buildings?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Professors that I spoke with also thought that the preparation that students were getting was, you know, an equally large, if not, you know, even more significant factor in it. There was a lot of emphasis, too, on, you know, preparing students for these standardized tests, you know, instead and just, you know, reading wasn’t something that was valued as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> For decades, standardized testing has emphasized shorter passages, encouraging teachers to focus on excerpts rather than full texts. But while this may boost test scores, it may also erode the endurance students need for book-length reading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson: \u003c/strong> It started because a teacher came to observe my classroom. She called me down the next day. She told me that she noticed I was reading full books with the students. She asked politely that I not do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> This is Danielle Bayard Jackson, talking about her experience as an English teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson: \u003c/strong>She suggested, “How about you read a chapter with the students and just summarize the rest? Because we’ve really got to focus on that test.” I think what’s so disturbing is you have teachers who are oftentimes not being treated like the experts that they are. I went to school for that. My degree is in that I know best practices. I know about how to maximize and optimize things for students’ learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> Danielle decided to push back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson:\u003c/strong> And it became a matter of personal integrity for me in that moment because I knew I was being asked to do something that would be that would be a disservice to my kids. I began to go to the library on campus and and ask the, you know, media center, you know, librarian, if I could get class sets of different books, one of them being \u003cem>Lord of the Flies\u003c/em>. I mean, that is a classic. And it’s so much fun to read. And so I did that a couple times for months. And she was in on it with me. And I’m pushing the cart to the room and pushing it back so they don’t see class sets in my classroom. And a couple of months later, they called me down and they let me know that my students scored the highest in the school on that assessment. And they asked me, “What did you do? What’s the secret?” And I have goosebumps now even recalling the moment because I told them, I said, “We’ve been reading.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> This raises the question: what’s lost when students can’t engage with full books? Is it really such a big deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson:\u003c/strong> They don’t get a chance to develop a certain endurance, right, to stick with something over time. So that skill in and of itself is really important and is transferable to a lot of other spaces. It’s not about the book. It’s about all the things that come with journeying through a book. So the first is a certain mental endurance because it’s mentally laborious sometimes to read through a text. They also miss making exciting connections, you know, because maybe it takes us, you know, couple of weeks to read through a book, but it’s really settling in with you more deeply. You’re starting to make connections to it. To the outside world. You can think about things more deeply. You’re noticing foreshadowing from chapter one, something felt a little a little odd. And then we see it all come together in Chapter 16. Character development, right? So we’re watching this person, this character over time and how they change. And we can unpack that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> It’s possible that the shift in reading habits has less to do with skills and more to do with values. Students today are more focused on getting ready to enter the workforce and may feel like they have less time for reading for reading sake. Danielle now has a job that is coveted by young people. She’s a TikTok influencer who makes videos about how women can develop better communication practices. I asked her if reading plays a role in her current work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson:\u003c/strong> I’m surprised to see that, you know, a lot of my after coming out of the classroom to see the way that my personal career journey has developed, you know, coaching people through friendships, studying friendship research, I didn’t see that for myself. I’m traveling across the country speaking and getting paid for videos on TikTok. I mean, that’s a part of it as a content creator, I suppose. I have to read those contracts, which are lengthy. I have to, you know, read through the research papers that I’m then going and sharing with people. Reading is a part of everything that we do. And you have to have a certain stamina to get through hearty things. You have to have the skill of pausing and to go back and to review and to make sure you’ve got clarity. It’s great that some things are coming in a bite size way, but then other things are are are not going to come in that way. But we need the skill to do both. And a lot of times what we don’t realize is a lot of these things that are coming in these bite sized packages are excerpts from larger things. So even teaching young people about context. So maybe you saw this TikTok video or this little essay or this little article. But a lot of times it’s being pulled from larger texts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> It seems like reading can only benefit students when they enter the workforce, whether they are trying to be a content creator or an educator. Here’s Rose again\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Reading kind of trains you to deal with more nuanced arguments and also to reflect on yourself and and learn lessons about yourself through, you know, reading about someone else. What the professors that I spoke with were most worried about who was just what would what, if anything, would kind of take the place of reading in, in giving us these, you know, kind of, I guess, values or lessons that so far sort of reading has. And it’s not readily clear what what could be a substitute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> It is worth remembering that people have been concerned about students’ academic skills for centuries. Even Socrates in 400 BC warned that writing would weaken memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> A lot of people brought up that that example of Socrates talking about how writing would destroy memory because people wouldn’t need to use it anymore. Socrates was right. Like I could never memorize \u003cem>The Iliad\u003c/em>, you know, in the way that people who were used to memorizing things all the time could. But at the same time, like, I think it shows that, you know, the way that we read or write, you know, and kind of interface with information really does change. But, you know, you can still find a way to pass those ideas down. No matter what, we’ll potentially adapt to something new but there maybe is room for hope in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> That was Rose Horowitch and Danielle Bayard Jackson. We’ll have more minisodes coming down the pipeline to bring you ideas and innovations from experts in education and beyond. Hit follow on your favorite podcast app so you don’t miss a thing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When former educator \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.daniellebayardjackson.com/home\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Danielle Bayard Jackson\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was called into the principal’s office, she was told to stop reading whole books with her students. She was advised to focus on chapters and summaries instead, in preparation for upcoming standardized tests that emphasized shorter passages. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I knew I was being asked to do something that would be a disservice to my kids,” Jackson recalled. She continued to read full books with her students, who later scored well on the standardized tests. Jackson’s experience is common; many teachers face pressure to use excerpts rather than complete works, which aligns with test formats but \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/11/the-elite-college-students-who-cant-read-books/679945/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">may impact students’ reading endurance and comprehension\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, according to journalist Rose Horowitch in The Atlantic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Horowitch’s interviews with college professors reveal concerns about students’ reading skills, even at elite institutions. “Professors were clear-eyed about the fact that students have probably never done all of the reading,” she said. Yet today’s students struggle with vocabulary and understanding a book’s overarching structure, often losing track of plots and complex narratives.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61018/want-kids-to-love-reading-authors-grace-lin-and-kate-messner-share-how-to-find-wonder-in-books\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">well-documented benefits of reading\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the focus on testing has pushed many to bypass the unique advantages of full-length books. However, reintroducing full-length texts may unlock the rewards of sustained reading.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Making connections and Cultivating Empathy\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Full books are particularly effective at fostering empathy in readers and students may miss out on developing these qualities when they only read shorter passages. Additionally, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3559433/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research shows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that fiction elicits emotions from readers, who are likely to get “lost” in the narrative and identify with characters. “You could read about somebody and connect with them even if they lived a thousand years ago or far away or had such a different life,” Horowitch said. Discussions about characters and storylines, experts noted, can nurture these skills.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading also enables students to make broader connections to the world, whether it has to do with global events, personal conflicts, or societal dynamics. These connections to real life events are called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/text-text-text-self-text-world-0\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">text-to-world connections\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. According to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://firstbook.org/solutions/diverse-books-study/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a recent study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, students engage more deeply when books have \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/55039/how-the-disrupttexts-movement-can-help-english-teachers-be-more-inclusive\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diverse characters and relatable topics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jackson recalled teaching \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lord of the Flies\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to her high schoolers. “It’s just such a cool and very important book about governing and groupthink,” she said. Through class discussions about personal experiences and acting out sections from the book, her students saw parallels between the characters’ experiences and situations they observe around them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Books also teach students to recognize how events unfold. “You’re noticing foreshadowing from chapter one, and then seeing it all come together in chapter 16,” Jackson noted as she recalled the excitement students will feel when they recognize a connection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This emotional engagement helps students develop skills beyond reading, such as navigating nuanced arguments and reflecting on their own experiences, Horowitch said. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://virginialibrariesjournal.org/articles/10.21061/valib.v63i1.1474\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading fiction is shown to make people more open to changing their minds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> —a valuable trait, especially as empathy-related activities like volunteerism decline and issues such as bullying increase.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Building Endurance\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reading entire books strengthens students’ endurance and focus, according to Horowitch. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s really a skill to stay on one task for an extended period,” she said, sharing a professor’s observation that some students even struggle to focus on a 14-line sonnet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While technology’s role in diminishing attention spans isn’t definitive, studies suggest people \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59602/paper-books-linked-to-stronger-readers-in-an-international-study\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">read more deeply in physical books\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> than on digital devices, which can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57734/distracted-these-four-learning-strategies-can-help\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">distract with notifications\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Although students might \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61287/beyond-reading-logs-and-lexile-levels-supporting-students-multifaceted-reading-lives\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">read more than ever through social media\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the fragmented format doesn’t build reading stamina. “I don’t think anybody’s deep-reading Twitter comments,” Horowitch said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’re good at what you practice. And the more time you spend reading these really small snippets of little words, whether it’s an Instagram comment or watching a TikTok video, that’s just what you’re used to,” said Horowitch. She added that sometimes it can be hard to read something that isn’t immediately rewarding the way that social media is. Students also spend \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/well/family/child-social-media-use.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">more time on social media than they ever have before\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, leaving less time for reading for fun. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is possible to gain that reading stamina back. Horowitch said that some people have experimented with committing to read a certain amount of pages and then steadily increasing the number of pages they read in one sitting. Danielle also said that it could be helpful for teachers to relate to students’ experiences when they struggle with a text. “When I read this in school, it kind of threw me off, too,” she would say, “But I’ve got you. I’m here with you.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC2189171731\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> Welcome to MindShift. Where we discuss the future of learning and how we raise our kids. I’m Nimah Gobir. You might’ve heard about The Atlantic article making waves lately. The headline? Some students—even those at elite universities—are struggling to read entire books. Whether you’ve read it yourself or just caught bits of the buzz, we’re here to break it down and get to the core of what’s really going on. Is this a crisis we need to worry about? Or is it just headline hype? Rose Horowitch wrote the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> I write primarily about education with some politics and general interest stories mixed in. I kept hearing scattered reports from professors that they were really noticing a change in their students reading habits over the past decade. And I was curious to see, you know, whether this was something that just a few people were experiencing or whether it was a much broader phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> Rose talked to professors and learned that it wasn’t that college students don’t know how to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Their students are literate, you know, they can decode words and read sentences, but they have much narrower vocabularies than they used to. They really struggle digging into a text, getting through a text that might, you know, be sort of challenging that they kind of reached their limit much earlier, that they struggle to and even deal sort of with the architecture of a book and focus on small details while keeping in mind the overall plot and how they fit together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> And surprisingly, it’s not just books that students are struggling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> One thing that was sort of jaw-dropping for me was speaking with the chair of Georgetown University’s English department, and he was saying that he really notices these changes even when students are reading a sonnet and that, you know, it can be you can be reading something that’s 14 lines and it’s still just can be really hard for them to focus on it and get through it and really wrestle with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> I asked Rose about the possible causes, and one was a usual suspect: digital media and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> In speaking with experts, you know, they definitely did think that smartphones and social media played a role. You know, it seems that there was some disagreement over whether smartphones are really kind of rewiring people’s brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> There are so many things that affect a person’s attention span, that it’s hard to definitively say tech hurts learning. However, research by the National Library of Medicine shows that some tech is designed to draw people’s attention. These are known as persuasive technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch: \u003c/strong> It’s always engaging, always fun. And so it’s very hard to to kind of read something that’s not immediately rewarding. And another aspect of that is just that it’s like being on your smartphone just takes up so much time that, you know, people also seem to be reading a lot less just for fun because, you know, they’re spending their time on social media instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> But, on the other hand, some literacy experts say we’re reading more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Just in shorter bursts and, you know, with less kind of care. I mean, I don’t think anybody’s like deep reading their Twitter comments. Um There’s a lot of research that people sort of do tend to read more deeply when they’re reading on a print page instead of on a screen. Because it is really a skill to just stay on one task for an extended period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> While it’s easy to blame technology, it’s not the only factor here.There’s also the role of schools and teaching. We’re going to take a quick break, and when we’re back, we’ll look at how education might be playing a part in this trend and what teachers can do to help. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nimah Gobir: I thought we could just blame everything on tech and call it a day, but high schools and middle school play a role in students’ reading abilities too. The subtitle on Rose Horowitch’s article in the Atlantic says, “To read a book in college, it helps to have read a book in high school.” And when I saw that I got a little chill because It’s like when the character in a scary movie realizes the call is coming from inside the house… or should i say inside our grade school buildings?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Professors that I spoke with also thought that the preparation that students were getting was, you know, an equally large, if not, you know, even more significant factor in it. There was a lot of emphasis, too, on, you know, preparing students for these standardized tests, you know, instead and just, you know, reading wasn’t something that was valued as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> For decades, standardized testing has emphasized shorter passages, encouraging teachers to focus on excerpts rather than full texts. But while this may boost test scores, it may also erode the endurance students need for book-length reading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson: \u003c/strong> It started because a teacher came to observe my classroom. She called me down the next day. She told me that she noticed I was reading full books with the students. She asked politely that I not do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> This is Danielle Bayard Jackson, talking about her experience as an English teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson: \u003c/strong>She suggested, “How about you read a chapter with the students and just summarize the rest? Because we’ve really got to focus on that test.” I think what’s so disturbing is you have teachers who are oftentimes not being treated like the experts that they are. I went to school for that. My degree is in that I know best practices. I know about how to maximize and optimize things for students’ learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> Danielle decided to push back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson:\u003c/strong> And it became a matter of personal integrity for me in that moment because I knew I was being asked to do something that would be that would be a disservice to my kids. I began to go to the library on campus and and ask the, you know, media center, you know, librarian, if I could get class sets of different books, one of them being \u003cem>Lord of the Flies\u003c/em>. I mean, that is a classic. And it’s so much fun to read. And so I did that a couple times for months. And she was in on it with me. And I’m pushing the cart to the room and pushing it back so they don’t see class sets in my classroom. And a couple of months later, they called me down and they let me know that my students scored the highest in the school on that assessment. And they asked me, “What did you do? What’s the secret?” And I have goosebumps now even recalling the moment because I told them, I said, “We’ve been reading.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> This raises the question: what’s lost when students can’t engage with full books? Is it really such a big deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson:\u003c/strong> They don’t get a chance to develop a certain endurance, right, to stick with something over time. So that skill in and of itself is really important and is transferable to a lot of other spaces. It’s not about the book. It’s about all the things that come with journeying through a book. So the first is a certain mental endurance because it’s mentally laborious sometimes to read through a text. They also miss making exciting connections, you know, because maybe it takes us, you know, couple of weeks to read through a book, but it’s really settling in with you more deeply. You’re starting to make connections to it. To the outside world. You can think about things more deeply. You’re noticing foreshadowing from chapter one, something felt a little a little odd. And then we see it all come together in Chapter 16. Character development, right? So we’re watching this person, this character over time and how they change. And we can unpack that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> It’s possible that the shift in reading habits has less to do with skills and more to do with values. Students today are more focused on getting ready to enter the workforce and may feel like they have less time for reading for reading sake. Danielle now has a job that is coveted by young people. She’s a TikTok influencer who makes videos about how women can develop better communication practices. I asked her if reading plays a role in her current work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Bayard Jackson:\u003c/strong> I’m surprised to see that, you know, a lot of my after coming out of the classroom to see the way that my personal career journey has developed, you know, coaching people through friendships, studying friendship research, I didn’t see that for myself. I’m traveling across the country speaking and getting paid for videos on TikTok. I mean, that’s a part of it as a content creator, I suppose. I have to read those contracts, which are lengthy. I have to, you know, read through the research papers that I’m then going and sharing with people. Reading is a part of everything that we do. And you have to have a certain stamina to get through hearty things. You have to have the skill of pausing and to go back and to review and to make sure you’ve got clarity. It’s great that some things are coming in a bite size way, but then other things are are are not going to come in that way. But we need the skill to do both. And a lot of times what we don’t realize is a lot of these things that are coming in these bite sized packages are excerpts from larger things. So even teaching young people about context. So maybe you saw this TikTok video or this little essay or this little article. But a lot of times it’s being pulled from larger texts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> It seems like reading can only benefit students when they enter the workforce, whether they are trying to be a content creator or an educator. Here’s Rose again\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> Reading kind of trains you to deal with more nuanced arguments and also to reflect on yourself and and learn lessons about yourself through, you know, reading about someone else. What the professors that I spoke with were most worried about who was just what would what, if anything, would kind of take the place of reading in, in giving us these, you know, kind of, I guess, values or lessons that so far sort of reading has. And it’s not readily clear what what could be a substitute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> It is worth remembering that people have been concerned about students’ academic skills for centuries. Even Socrates in 400 BC warned that writing would weaken memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rose Horowitch:\u003c/strong> A lot of people brought up that that example of Socrates talking about how writing would destroy memory because people wouldn’t need to use it anymore. Socrates was right. Like I could never memorize \u003cem>The Iliad\u003c/em>, you know, in the way that people who were used to memorizing things all the time could. But at the same time, like, I think it shows that, you know, the way that we read or write, you know, and kind of interface with information really does change. But, you know, you can still find a way to pass those ideas down. No matter what, we’ll potentially adapt to something new but there maybe is room for hope in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nimah Gobir:\u003c/strong> That was Rose Horowitch and Danielle Bayard Jackson. We’ll have more minisodes coming down the pipeline to bring you ideas and innovations from experts in education and beyond. Hit follow on your favorite podcast app so you don’t miss a thing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fortaleza, Brazil – A panel of distinguished school leaders from around the world sat on a giant stage earlier this month and listened to a depressing list of data points, from vast spending inequities to tales of lagging student performance. There wasn’t much hopeful news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2030, an estimated 300 million children and young people will still lack basic numeracy and literacy skills.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Four in 10 countries spend less than 15 percent of their total public expenditure and less than 4 percent of their gross domestic product on education.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/251m-children-and-youth-still-out-school-despite-decades-progress-unesco-report\">251 million\u003c/a> children and youth worldwide are still not in school, most of them poor and living in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For every $1 spent per child on education in the world’s poorest country, $100 is spent in the richest.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>While the conversation clearly focused on a continuing worldwide crisis in education, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/sdg4education2030/en/2024-global-education-meeting\">UNESCO conference\u003c/a> I participated in was different. It emphasized a topic \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/leadership/\">of huge importance\u003c/a> to improving student outcomes, and coincided with the release \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en\">of a report\u003c/a> detailing how effective leaders can make a huge difference in the lives of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all so different, but we are also uniquely alike. None of us have enough resources,” said Ryan T. Chee, the principal of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fusd1.org/domain/389\">Leupp Elementary School\u003c/a>, the only school on the Diné reservation, as the Navajo Nation knows its people. It was Chee’s first time out of the U.S., and he began his remarks by addressing the crowd in his native Navajo language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the privilege of moderating \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/sdg4education2030/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2024/10/Detailed%20Programme_English_8.pdf\">a session\u003c/a> with Chee, along with officials from UNESCO, a mayor from Brazil and education ministers from Ecuador and the Democratic Republic of Congo, who spoke of small victories in improving student performance, against vastly different obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chee, who is also a sheep farmer, runs an elementary school 45 miles northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona. Many children travel more than two hours each way from their homes on the reservation. They are immediately thrust into a culture of “\u003ca href=\"https://noexcusesu.com/about/\">No Excuses,”\u003c/a> as part of the first Native American school to become a member of \u003ca href=\"https://noexcusesu.com/about/\">a nationwide college readiness program\u003c/a>. He expects every one of his students to plan for a college education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Chee first began teaching at the school, he would ask his fourth grade students where they were going to college. “They had no idea,” he said. “I’d say what profession do you want to go into, and they would say, ‘What are you talking about?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chee, who has also \u003ca href=\"https://news.nau.edu/isspp/\">vastly improved literacy\u003c/a> rates, takes his students to visit college campuses while they are still in elementary school. They eat lunch in a cafeteria at Arizona State University, where Chee is getting a doctorate, and learn about different programs and classes they might take. They “learn the logistics of a college application,” Chee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference gave me a chance to learn how UNESCO spends years compiling data and searching from common themes. I spoke with \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/biography/manos-antoninis\">Manos Antoninis\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/\">Global Education Monitoring Report\u003c/a>, which analyzes data used by policymakers around the world to strengthen their education systems. Because the conference took place before the election, we didn’t contemplate what will become of UNESCO’s relationship with the U.S. President-elect Donald Trump severed ties with the group during his first term. The relationship was \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/unesco-jill-biden-paris-ceremony-rejoin-a07fdef217ef4cbed985fd97c40e1df2\">re-established\u003c/a> under President Joe Biden; Trump has said little about it since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antoninis said he hopes that the report will spark new ways to develop, recruit and support school leaders, many of whom who came to Brazil to swap success stories and learn from the \u003ca href=\"https://education-profiles.org/themes/~overview\">inclusion\u003c/a> of profiles and comparisons from more than 200 countries. Antoninis stressed the importance of reaching both the poorest and richest countries to collect data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An American reader should read the \u003ca href=\"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/search/N-EXPLORE-257cc662-f337-4bf6-ba05-3e3af850fafe\">monitoring reports\u003c/a> to open their eyes to the diversity in equality,” he told me. “You see it in your country, but not in the scale of how people live elsewhere, and in the low quality of learning. Some are just so far behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t always easy to read through the lengthy reports and to sit through the drumbeat of bad news and hand wringing that often accompanies \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-there-is-a-worldwide-problem-in-math-and-its-not-just-about-the-pandemic/\">the latest\u003c/a> unnerving education reports. I count on my colleague, Proof Points columnist \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/author/jill-barshay/\">Jill Barshay,\u003c/a> to help interpret the latest \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-several-surprises-in-gloomy-naep-report/\">NAEP\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i_53f23881-en.html\">PISA\u003c/a> results by explaining trends and pointing out problems that seem to have worsened since the global pandemic. That’s one reason why I look forward to moderating a discussion of resilience \u003ca href=\"https://yidanprize.org/newsroom/press-releases/2024-yidan-prize-announcement\">among worldwide education leaders\u003c/a> in Hong Kong next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m hoping for the chance to meet more leaders like Chee, to get behind the numbers and to learn how a school leader can change lives. Chee told me that several of his students have graduated from college in recent years. He cherishes the moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of my former students are now teachers, and they come into the classroom and visit us,” Chee said. “Or a family will come in and say, ‘Hey, my son is graduating from college; my daughter graduated,’ and it all started here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/kids-worldwide-face-huge-educational-challenges-is-better-leadership-a-solution/\">\u003cem>school leadership\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Liz Willen and produced by \u003c/em>The Hechinger Report\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fortaleza, Brazil – A panel of distinguished school leaders from around the world sat on a giant stage earlier this month and listened to a depressing list of data points, from vast spending inequities to tales of lagging student performance. There wasn’t much hopeful news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2030, an estimated 300 million children and young people will still lack basic numeracy and literacy skills.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Four in 10 countries spend less than 15 percent of their total public expenditure and less than 4 percent of their gross domestic product on education.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/251m-children-and-youth-still-out-school-despite-decades-progress-unesco-report\">251 million\u003c/a> children and youth worldwide are still not in school, most of them poor and living in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For every $1 spent per child on education in the world’s poorest country, $100 is spent in the richest.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>While the conversation clearly focused on a continuing worldwide crisis in education, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/sdg4education2030/en/2024-global-education-meeting\">UNESCO conference\u003c/a> I participated in was different. It emphasized a topic \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/leadership/\">of huge importance\u003c/a> to improving student outcomes, and coincided with the release \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en\">of a report\u003c/a> detailing how effective leaders can make a huge difference in the lives of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all so different, but we are also uniquely alike. None of us have enough resources,” said Ryan T. Chee, the principal of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fusd1.org/domain/389\">Leupp Elementary School\u003c/a>, the only school on the Diné reservation, as the Navajo Nation knows its people. It was Chee’s first time out of the U.S., and he began his remarks by addressing the crowd in his native Navajo language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the privilege of moderating \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/sdg4education2030/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2024/10/Detailed%20Programme_English_8.pdf\">a session\u003c/a> with Chee, along with officials from UNESCO, a mayor from Brazil and education ministers from Ecuador and the Democratic Republic of Congo, who spoke of small victories in improving student performance, against vastly different obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chee, who is also a sheep farmer, runs an elementary school 45 miles northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona. Many children travel more than two hours each way from their homes on the reservation. They are immediately thrust into a culture of “\u003ca href=\"https://noexcusesu.com/about/\">No Excuses,”\u003c/a> as part of the first Native American school to become a member of \u003ca href=\"https://noexcusesu.com/about/\">a nationwide college readiness program\u003c/a>. He expects every one of his students to plan for a college education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Chee first began teaching at the school, he would ask his fourth grade students where they were going to college. “They had no idea,” he said. “I’d say what profession do you want to go into, and they would say, ‘What are you talking about?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chee, who has also \u003ca href=\"https://news.nau.edu/isspp/\">vastly improved literacy\u003c/a> rates, takes his students to visit college campuses while they are still in elementary school. They eat lunch in a cafeteria at Arizona State University, where Chee is getting a doctorate, and learn about different programs and classes they might take. They “learn the logistics of a college application,” Chee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference gave me a chance to learn how UNESCO spends years compiling data and searching from common themes. I spoke with \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/biography/manos-antoninis\">Manos Antoninis\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/\">Global Education Monitoring Report\u003c/a>, which analyzes data used by policymakers around the world to strengthen their education systems. Because the conference took place before the election, we didn’t contemplate what will become of UNESCO’s relationship with the U.S. President-elect Donald Trump severed ties with the group during his first term. The relationship was \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/unesco-jill-biden-paris-ceremony-rejoin-a07fdef217ef4cbed985fd97c40e1df2\">re-established\u003c/a> under President Joe Biden; Trump has said little about it since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antoninis said he hopes that the report will spark new ways to develop, recruit and support school leaders, many of whom who came to Brazil to swap success stories and learn from the \u003ca href=\"https://education-profiles.org/themes/~overview\">inclusion\u003c/a> of profiles and comparisons from more than 200 countries. Antoninis stressed the importance of reaching both the poorest and richest countries to collect data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An American reader should read the \u003ca href=\"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/search/N-EXPLORE-257cc662-f337-4bf6-ba05-3e3af850fafe\">monitoring reports\u003c/a> to open their eyes to the diversity in equality,” he told me. “You see it in your country, but not in the scale of how people live elsewhere, and in the low quality of learning. Some are just so far behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t always easy to read through the lengthy reports and to sit through the drumbeat of bad news and hand wringing that often accompanies \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-there-is-a-worldwide-problem-in-math-and-its-not-just-about-the-pandemic/\">the latest\u003c/a> unnerving education reports. I count on my colleague, Proof Points columnist \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/author/jill-barshay/\">Jill Barshay,\u003c/a> to help interpret the latest \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-several-surprises-in-gloomy-naep-report/\">NAEP\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i_53f23881-en.html\">PISA\u003c/a> results by explaining trends and pointing out problems that seem to have worsened since the global pandemic. That’s one reason why I look forward to moderating a discussion of resilience \u003ca href=\"https://yidanprize.org/newsroom/press-releases/2024-yidan-prize-announcement\">among worldwide education leaders\u003c/a> in Hong Kong next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m hoping for the chance to meet more leaders like Chee, to get behind the numbers and to learn how a school leader can change lives. Chee told me that several of his students have graduated from college in recent years. He cherishes the moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of my former students are now teachers, and they come into the classroom and visit us,” Chee said. “Or a family will come in and say, ‘Hey, my son is graduating from college; my daughter graduated,’ and it all started here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/kids-worldwide-face-huge-educational-challenges-is-better-leadership-a-solution/\">\u003cem>school leadership\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Liz Willen and produced by \u003c/em>The Hechinger Report\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the fall of 2019, four high schools in a San Francisco Bay Area district shook up many of their ninth grade math classes. Students had traditionally been separated into more than five math courses by achievement level, from remedial to very advanced, and the district wanted to test what would happen if they combined their bottom three levels into one. Half of the students in those levels were randomly assigned to learn together, and half remained in their traditional tracks so that researchers could compare the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in the lowest level who were part of the experiment skipped remedial math and were able to learn algebra with the majority of ninth graders. The experiment also meant that average, grade-level students were learning alongside peers who lacked foundational math skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was risky. Students sometimes end up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43773511\">lower math scores\u003c/a> when they’re pushed to do work that is too advanced for them; that’s why California ended an eighth grade “algebra for all” initiative a decade ago. Grade-level students can also be harmed if teachers try to accommodate weaker students by making the material easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the heterogeneous class avoided those pitfalls, the new math placement would give hundreds of students with low test scores in seventh and eighth grades a better shot at progressing to advanced math courses and college. Too often, these students feel stigmatized and demoralized. “You’re giving students another ‘at bat’,” said Elizabeth Huffaker, a Stanford University researcher who studied this experiment for her doctoral dissertation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were promising, according to \u003ca href=\"https://edworkingpapers.com/ai24-986\">a paper that was made public in October 2024\u003c/a>. Half of the remedial students in the mixed class passed the ninth grade algebra course and moved on to geometry with their classmates. The other half still had to retake algebra in 10th grade, which is when they would have taken it anyway, but their test scores in 11th grade were higher than similar students who had learned math in a separate remedial classroom in ninth grade. Eleventh grade math achievement for remedial students who had taken ninth grade algebra was so much higher that the difference was equivalent to an extra year’s worth of math, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, average students appeared to be unharmed. Those who had been randomly assigned to the new mixed level class had test scores in 11th grade that were no worse than those who had learned Algebra 1 separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some detracking advocates argue that everyone benefits from mixed ability classes, but there was no increase in test scores for higher achieving students in this experiment. The vast majority of students in the mixed-ability classrooms would have been assigned to Algebra 1 anyway and relatively few were low achievers. It’s possible that there’s a point at which the concentration of low-scoring students becomes so high that it does negatively affect peers, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In between the bottom students and the regular Algebra 1 students, there was a middle group of students who scored just below the cutoff for placement in Algebra 1 and were traditionally assigned to a double dose of algebra in ninth grade. The results were more ambiguous for these students, whose instructional time was cut in half by giving them only a single dose of algebra in a mixed-level class. They were less likely to pass geometry in 10th grade, but they appeared not to be worse off later in 11th grade. “One interpretation is that this was a pretty successful experiment for most students, but if you paired it with more instructional time, it would be even more effective,” said Huffaker. It would be more costly, too, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sequoia Union High School District, where this experiment took place, educates a wide range of students. It includes wealthy neighborhoods in Redwood City, Menlo Park and East Palo Alto, and low-income neighborhoods. Roughly a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ed-data.org/district/San-Mateo/Sequoia-Union-High/1000\">third of the students in the district are poor\u003c/a> enough to qualify for the federal subsidized lunch program, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ed-data.org/district/San-Mateo/Sequoia-Union-High\">15 percent\u003c/a> are categorized as English learners. Almost half of the students are \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/enrethlevels.aspx?agglevel=District&year=2023-24&cds=4169062\">Hispanic\u003c/a>, 11 percent are \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/enrethlevels.aspx?agglevel=District&year=2023-24&cds=4169062\">Asian\u003c/a>, and a third are \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/enrethlevels.aspx?agglevel=District&year=2023-24&cds=4169062\">white\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment did not include more advanced students who had already taken algebra in eighth grade or earlier. More than a third of the 2,000 ninth graders continued to be taught in separate geometry or Algebra 2 classes. A handful of extremely accelerated freshmen were in precalculus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That enabled this limited detracking experiment to avoid the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/sfusd-algebra-math-wars-stanford-study-17851567.php\">community uproar\u003c/a> that had engulfed San Francisco, where advanced students had been prevented from taking algebra in eighth grade and \u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/san-franciscos-detracking-experiment/\">everyone was put into the same ninth-grade math class\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Dee, a Stanford education professor who conducted the math study along with his former graduate student Huffaker, said that this study shows that there are smaller things that schools can do between the two extremes of forcing all students into advanced coursework or barring any students from advanced coursework in the name of equity. “If we accelerate everyone,” Dee said, “it could be harmful to kids who aren’t fully prepared for that acceleration. And if we decelerate everyone, it can be potentially harmful to the achievement of higher performing kids and cap the kinds of things they might do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it’s not the only arrow in our quiver,” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dee emphasized that this was just one group of students in one school district and the results would need to be replicated in other places before he would recommend the elimination of high school remedial math as a national policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Inside the classroom\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to tell what might have been the key to success in this experiment. It’s possible that half of the remedial students never really needed remediation and they were incorrectly placed because of their middle school math scores. At the same time, the district changed the way it taught in these mixed-ability classes and it could be those changes that made the difference. Better teachers might have volunteered to teach them. These teachers had extra training, and were given an extra non-teaching period each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school handled mixed abilities in an unusual way. Instead of differentiating instruction by giving different practice problems to different students, which is a common approach in U.S. classrooms, the teachers were trained to give the same problems to all students. Victoria Dye, Sequoia Union’s director of professional development and curriculum, told me that the district selected open-ended word problems that even a student with low skills could try, but that also provided a challenge to stronger students. (An analogy would be a game with simple rules, like Othello, which still provides a challenge to expert players.) Dye said that these “low-floor, high-ceiling” problems were selected to supplement the district’s curriculum, which emphasized procedural fluency and computations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classroom math discussions took center stage so that students could discuss each other’s analysis. In one exercise, students each wrote down their reasoning and revised it several times. “It’s great because any kid can begin that and improve,” said Dye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make time for problem solving and discussion, teachers streamlined the curriculum to emphasize key concepts. That meant cutting some algebra topics. Teachers made their own decisions on how to weave in a review of middle school concepts that students needed for algebra. Dye described this review as happening briefly on a “just-in-time” basis, not a reteaching of a full unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, remedial math has been eliminated in the district’s main high schools and nearly all students are in ninth grade algebra or a more advanced class, except for students with severe disabilities. The elimination of remedial math doesn’t fix everything. Many struggling students are still failing the subject and need more help. And it doesn’t reduce the huge disparities in math achievement inside school buildings. But it might help a large chunk of the most behind kids, and that’s particularly relevant after the pandemic when even more teens are woefully behind in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-ninth-grade-algebra/\">\u003cem>ninth grade algebra\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Proof Points\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and other \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the fall of 2019, four high schools in a San Francisco Bay Area district shook up many of their ninth grade math classes. Students had traditionally been separated into more than five math courses by achievement level, from remedial to very advanced, and the district wanted to test what would happen if they combined their bottom three levels into one. Half of the students in those levels were randomly assigned to learn together, and half remained in their traditional tracks so that researchers could compare the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in the lowest level who were part of the experiment skipped remedial math and were able to learn algebra with the majority of ninth graders. The experiment also meant that average, grade-level students were learning alongside peers who lacked foundational math skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was risky. Students sometimes end up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43773511\">lower math scores\u003c/a> when they’re pushed to do work that is too advanced for them; that’s why California ended an eighth grade “algebra for all” initiative a decade ago. Grade-level students can also be harmed if teachers try to accommodate weaker students by making the material easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the heterogeneous class avoided those pitfalls, the new math placement would give hundreds of students with low test scores in seventh and eighth grades a better shot at progressing to advanced math courses and college. Too often, these students feel stigmatized and demoralized. “You’re giving students another ‘at bat’,” said Elizabeth Huffaker, a Stanford University researcher who studied this experiment for her doctoral dissertation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were promising, according to \u003ca href=\"https://edworkingpapers.com/ai24-986\">a paper that was made public in October 2024\u003c/a>. Half of the remedial students in the mixed class passed the ninth grade algebra course and moved on to geometry with their classmates. The other half still had to retake algebra in 10th grade, which is when they would have taken it anyway, but their test scores in 11th grade were higher than similar students who had learned math in a separate remedial classroom in ninth grade. Eleventh grade math achievement for remedial students who had taken ninth grade algebra was so much higher that the difference was equivalent to an extra year’s worth of math, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, average students appeared to be unharmed. Those who had been randomly assigned to the new mixed level class had test scores in 11th grade that were no worse than those who had learned Algebra 1 separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some detracking advocates argue that everyone benefits from mixed ability classes, but there was no increase in test scores for higher achieving students in this experiment. The vast majority of students in the mixed-ability classrooms would have been assigned to Algebra 1 anyway and relatively few were low achievers. It’s possible that there’s a point at which the concentration of low-scoring students becomes so high that it does negatively affect peers, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In between the bottom students and the regular Algebra 1 students, there was a middle group of students who scored just below the cutoff for placement in Algebra 1 and were traditionally assigned to a double dose of algebra in ninth grade. The results were more ambiguous for these students, whose instructional time was cut in half by giving them only a single dose of algebra in a mixed-level class. They were less likely to pass geometry in 10th grade, but they appeared not to be worse off later in 11th grade. “One interpretation is that this was a pretty successful experiment for most students, but if you paired it with more instructional time, it would be even more effective,” said Huffaker. It would be more costly, too, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sequoia Union High School District, where this experiment took place, educates a wide range of students. It includes wealthy neighborhoods in Redwood City, Menlo Park and East Palo Alto, and low-income neighborhoods. Roughly a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ed-data.org/district/San-Mateo/Sequoia-Union-High/1000\">third of the students in the district are poor\u003c/a> enough to qualify for the federal subsidized lunch program, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ed-data.org/district/San-Mateo/Sequoia-Union-High\">15 percent\u003c/a> are categorized as English learners. Almost half of the students are \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/enrethlevels.aspx?agglevel=District&year=2023-24&cds=4169062\">Hispanic\u003c/a>, 11 percent are \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/enrethlevels.aspx?agglevel=District&year=2023-24&cds=4169062\">Asian\u003c/a>, and a third are \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/enrethlevels.aspx?agglevel=District&year=2023-24&cds=4169062\">white\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment did not include more advanced students who had already taken algebra in eighth grade or earlier. More than a third of the 2,000 ninth graders continued to be taught in separate geometry or Algebra 2 classes. A handful of extremely accelerated freshmen were in precalculus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That enabled this limited detracking experiment to avoid the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/sfusd-algebra-math-wars-stanford-study-17851567.php\">community uproar\u003c/a> that had engulfed San Francisco, where advanced students had been prevented from taking algebra in eighth grade and \u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/san-franciscos-detracking-experiment/\">everyone was put into the same ninth-grade math class\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Dee, a Stanford education professor who conducted the math study along with his former graduate student Huffaker, said that this study shows that there are smaller things that schools can do between the two extremes of forcing all students into advanced coursework or barring any students from advanced coursework in the name of equity. “If we accelerate everyone,” Dee said, “it could be harmful to kids who aren’t fully prepared for that acceleration. And if we decelerate everyone, it can be potentially harmful to the achievement of higher performing kids and cap the kinds of things they might do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it’s not the only arrow in our quiver,” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dee emphasized that this was just one group of students in one school district and the results would need to be replicated in other places before he would recommend the elimination of high school remedial math as a national policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Inside the classroom\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to tell what might have been the key to success in this experiment. It’s possible that half of the remedial students never really needed remediation and they were incorrectly placed because of their middle school math scores. At the same time, the district changed the way it taught in these mixed-ability classes and it could be those changes that made the difference. Better teachers might have volunteered to teach them. These teachers had extra training, and were given an extra non-teaching period each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school handled mixed abilities in an unusual way. Instead of differentiating instruction by giving different practice problems to different students, which is a common approach in U.S. classrooms, the teachers were trained to give the same problems to all students. Victoria Dye, Sequoia Union’s director of professional development and curriculum, told me that the district selected open-ended word problems that even a student with low skills could try, but that also provided a challenge to stronger students. (An analogy would be a game with simple rules, like Othello, which still provides a challenge to expert players.) Dye said that these “low-floor, high-ceiling” problems were selected to supplement the district’s curriculum, which emphasized procedural fluency and computations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classroom math discussions took center stage so that students could discuss each other’s analysis. In one exercise, students each wrote down their reasoning and revised it several times. “It’s great because any kid can begin that and improve,” said Dye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make time for problem solving and discussion, teachers streamlined the curriculum to emphasize key concepts. That meant cutting some algebra topics. Teachers made their own decisions on how to weave in a review of middle school concepts that students needed for algebra. Dye described this review as happening briefly on a “just-in-time” basis, not a reteaching of a full unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, remedial math has been eliminated in the district’s main high schools and nearly all students are in ninth grade algebra or a more advanced class, except for students with severe disabilities. The elimination of remedial math doesn’t fix everything. Many struggling students are still failing the subject and need more help. And it doesn’t reduce the huge disparities in math achievement inside school buildings. But it might help a large chunk of the most behind kids, and that’s particularly relevant after the pandemic when even more teens are woefully behind in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-ninth-grade-algebra/\">\u003cem>ninth grade algebra\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Proof Points\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and other \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Have you ever felt so anxious in a tough situation that you didn’t know what to do next? That’s how Seth Kopald felt during his divorce. He worried that he’d lose connection with his kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much time will I have with them?” he recalls thinking. Would they be OK, he wondered. One night, as he was driving home, he struggled to catch his breath as panic took over. He pulled over to the side of the road, recognizing he needed help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His therapist turned him onto an approach he’d never heard of called \u003ca href=\"https://ifs-institute.com/\">Internal Family Systems, \u003c/a>or IFS, and recommended a book to get him started, written by its founder Richard Schwartz. “It was life-changing,” Kopald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the center of IFS — sometimes called “parts work” — is the idea that each of us has multiple parts, kind of like sub-personalities. Getting to know them and treating them with compassion may help us manage our lives and our stress better, Schwartz writes in his book \u003ca href=\"https://ifs-institute.com/nobadparts\">\u003cem>No Bad Parts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed npr-promo-card insettwocolumn\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz came up with the idea for IFS more than 40 years ago when he was a family therapist treating adolescents with bulimia. His patients told him about different parts of themselves that were interfering with their treatment, like “the critic” who would make them feel worthless and alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the scientist in him mulled this over, he also looked inward. “I noticed them in myself. Oh my God, I’ve got them too,” he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The premise of the IFS model is that our minds are not one-dimensional. “We’re all multiple,” Schwartz says. We all have multiple perspectives within — for example, people often identify an inner critic, worrier, or striver. And some parts tend to dominate our lives, while others are more hidden. IFS teaches a process to embrace all your parts, bring them into balance and find a sense of wholeness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts work has exploded in popularity recently — with a growing number of books, apps and social media accounts highlighting the system. There are now \u003ca href=\"https://ifs-institute.com/practitioners\">more than 6,000\u003c/a> IFS-certified therapists and practitioners.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IFS is used by therapists working on a range of issues, from couples therapy, to coping with the death of a loved one, or other traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some therapists say the popularity has gotten ahead of the evidence base and are \u003ca href=\"https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/internal-family-systems-exploring-its-problematic-popularity/#:~:text=We%20have%20noticed%20increasing%20numbers,well%20as%20trauma%2Dinformed%20psychotherapy.\">calling for more research\u003c/a>. There are several small studies showing IFS can benefit people with specific problems, including symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10926771.2021.2013375#abstract\">PTSD\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38934934/\">stress\u003c/a>; the pain, discomfort and depression from living with \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950186/\">rheumatoid arthritis\u003c/a>; and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27500908/\">depression\u003c/a>. And more studies are underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Seth Kopald, parts work was key to taming his anxiety, as he began to recognize that it stemmed from fears of feeling unloved in childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With IFS, he could now acknowledge the hurt child within, and begin to unburden from the pain and shame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big difference between, ‘I am the anxiety and fear versus I am here with the fear, I’m here with the anxiety,’” he says. And in that realization his natural state of “confidence, courage and compassion” resurfaced. “It’s almost like I have a new operating system now,” Kopald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if you’re dealing with stress — around relationships, tragedy, or any life challenge — you may want to learn more about parts work. Here are highlights of how the IFS process works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F92%2Fa2%2Fc0f4a4e4427d82e7cdaf6b680957%2Fweek5-digital-spot-movies-in-mind.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>1. Quiet your mind and look within\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One way to begin to get to know your parts is to listen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sit still, as if you were about to meditate and notice any bodily sensations that arise. Do you feel a sore neck, a tight chest, sick to your stomach? Do you see scenes or images from the past? What comes up first are parts that may need your attention. Focus on one sensation or image — tune in and ask it what it wants you to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Seth Kopald tried this, he sensed a nervousness throughout his body and he saw images from old movies in his mind — scenes of bad divorces, couples fighting over kids. He was getting in touch with a worrier part that was dominating his life at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2. Start a dialogue with your parts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In IFS, the rule is that none of our parts are bad. Each of them can give us useful information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopald started to realize that his worry and anxiety were what IFS calls “protector” parts, which help us get through tough situations. “They were trying to make me do something — to figure out a solution to help my kids,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these parts were causing so much anxiety, he was stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worrier was telling him “do something.” Then there was a critic questioning what he’d done to contribute to the bad situation. And another part was jumping in to try to numb him from the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These multiple parts were teaming up, a pattern that can happen to many of us in moments of crisis. It’s like noisy instruments playing out of tune, Kopald says, citing a metaphor frequently used in IFS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself overwhelmed by a cacophony, try to start a dialogue with your parts: What do you want me to know? What do you want to show me?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more you learn to work with your parts, you can start to become the leader, or the conductor, Kopald says, bringing up each instrument in harmony\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcd%2F82%2F16121c7449f094153ce0d4852e7f%2Fweek5-digital-spot-conductor.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>3. Take some space\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>IFS teaches you to “separate” from the noise of these competing parts. Kopald recalls the moment he started to get some perspective on his anxiety about his kids, by seeing it as just one part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it really hit me that the anxiety I’d been feeling was one aspect of me, but not \u003cem>all\u003c/em> of me, I felt this calm come over me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the beginning of a breakthrough for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to try this, ask your noisy part: “Can you give me some space so we can talk?” For Kopald, instead of feeling like he was that scared, anxious kid, he got to the place where he felt he was sitting with that kid, helping to comfort him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff3%2F51%2F2c514830489294344a2c2ecd1dd8%2Fweek2-digital-spot-honoring-pain.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>4. Get in touch with pain from childhood\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>IFS teaches that we all have \u003cem>exile \u003c/em>parts, which hold onto hurtful memories, many from childhood. Since it’s easier to bury negative feelings than deal with them, these exiles — as the name suggests — can stay locked deep within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IFS founder Dick Schwartz says the exile parts can get triggered in times of difficulty. But he says, “these are often our most sensitive and loving parts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid, Schwartz struggled in school, which frustrated his father — a prominent physician and researcher. “So he piled on a lot of shame,” Schwartz says. He could recall his father saying things like, “Dicky, you’re good for nothing,” and the hurt was buried deep within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He allowed himself to relive those experiences from childhood. “I could actually enter that scene and be with” the hurt boy, Schwartz says. In doing so he could feel the mistrust and fear and shame lifting, what IFS calls “an unburdening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Schwartz this opened up a playful inner child. “That was lacking in my life back before I actually unburdened that part,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part can be tricky to do alone. Exiles will sometimes take you back to painful scenes, and show you traumatic memories. Kopald says if you feel the pain of an exile arise, you can say: “I know you’re there – I’m not pushing you away.” You can ask it to share its story, and if this gets too intense, you may want to contact an IFS therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F26%2F0e%2F50da6c1f4194ad1e1244d14d5c49%2Fweek5-digital-spot-u-turn.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>5. Take a U-turn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kopald says his life is much better now. He has a loving relationship with his children and he’s remarried. Now an IFS-certified practitioner, he’s written a book on IFS, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Self-Led-Connected-Yourself-Application-Internal/dp/B0CNV4V3HL\">\u003cem>Self-Led: Living a Connected Life With Yourself and With Others.\u003c/em>\u003c/a> But, he still has moments when life is very stressful or throws too much at him. When this happens, he uses a technique called a U-Turn. The U-turn is an exercise to gain perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself engaging in negative self-talk — or you are feeling like everything is falling apart, take a moment to notice what’s happening inside, look inward. Kopald says he’ll ask himself: “Wait a minute, who’s taking me over right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, you observe which part inside you is triggering your anxiety, fear or negativity. And then you can tell it, “Hey, I got it. Can you just trust me to be here?” Kopald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6c%2Fcd%2F9dad3d6c48f4a56a391e9e70ed9d%2Fweek5-digital-spot-sunshine-ray.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>6. Uncover the light within\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When you’re no longer dominated by the cacophony of parts, then your true self can emerge, according to IFS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In IFS, Self is the parent or leader of your system, offering love and protection to all your parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth says you can think of Self as the sun, which is often covered by clouds, i.e., your parts. Remember the sun is always in its full power, even on a cloudy day. So Kopald says, like clouds parting, we can “remove the things that block our light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Kopald, this has made a big difference. “I tend to live more in the light of myself,” he says. And he feels more clarity, compassion, creativity and calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress Less editors are Carmel Wroth and Jane Greenhalgh\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have you ever felt so anxious in a tough situation that you didn’t know what to do next? That’s how Seth Kopald felt during his divorce. He worried that he’d lose connection with his kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much time will I have with them?” he recalls thinking. Would they be OK, he wondered. One night, as he was driving home, he struggled to catch his breath as panic took over. He pulled over to the side of the road, recognizing he needed help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His therapist turned him onto an approach he’d never heard of called \u003ca href=\"https://ifs-institute.com/\">Internal Family Systems, \u003c/a>or IFS, and recommended a book to get him started, written by its founder Richard Schwartz. “It was life-changing,” Kopald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the center of IFS — sometimes called “parts work” — is the idea that each of us has multiple parts, kind of like sub-personalities. Getting to know them and treating them with compassion may help us manage our lives and our stress better, Schwartz writes in his book \u003ca href=\"https://ifs-institute.com/nobadparts\">\u003cem>No Bad Parts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed npr-promo-card insettwocolumn\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz came up with the idea for IFS more than 40 years ago when he was a family therapist treating adolescents with bulimia. His patients told him about different parts of themselves that were interfering with their treatment, like “the critic” who would make them feel worthless and alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the scientist in him mulled this over, he also looked inward. “I noticed them in myself. Oh my God, I’ve got them too,” he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The premise of the IFS model is that our minds are not one-dimensional. “We’re all multiple,” Schwartz says. We all have multiple perspectives within — for example, people often identify an inner critic, worrier, or striver. And some parts tend to dominate our lives, while others are more hidden. IFS teaches a process to embrace all your parts, bring them into balance and find a sense of wholeness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts work has exploded in popularity recently — with a growing number of books, apps and social media accounts highlighting the system. There are now \u003ca href=\"https://ifs-institute.com/practitioners\">more than 6,000\u003c/a> IFS-certified therapists and practitioners.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IFS is used by therapists working on a range of issues, from couples therapy, to coping with the death of a loved one, or other traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some therapists say the popularity has gotten ahead of the evidence base and are \u003ca href=\"https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/internal-family-systems-exploring-its-problematic-popularity/#:~:text=We%20have%20noticed%20increasing%20numbers,well%20as%20trauma%2Dinformed%20psychotherapy.\">calling for more research\u003c/a>. There are several small studies showing IFS can benefit people with specific problems, including symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10926771.2021.2013375#abstract\">PTSD\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38934934/\">stress\u003c/a>; the pain, discomfort and depression from living with \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950186/\">rheumatoid arthritis\u003c/a>; and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27500908/\">depression\u003c/a>. And more studies are underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Seth Kopald, parts work was key to taming his anxiety, as he began to recognize that it stemmed from fears of feeling unloved in childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With IFS, he could now acknowledge the hurt child within, and begin to unburden from the pain and shame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big difference between, ‘I am the anxiety and fear versus I am here with the fear, I’m here with the anxiety,’” he says. And in that realization his natural state of “confidence, courage and compassion” resurfaced. “It’s almost like I have a new operating system now,” Kopald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if you’re dealing with stress — around relationships, tragedy, or any life challenge — you may want to learn more about parts work. Here are highlights of how the IFS process works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F92%2Fa2%2Fc0f4a4e4427d82e7cdaf6b680957%2Fweek5-digital-spot-movies-in-mind.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>1. Quiet your mind and look within\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One way to begin to get to know your parts is to listen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sit still, as if you were about to meditate and notice any bodily sensations that arise. Do you feel a sore neck, a tight chest, sick to your stomach? Do you see scenes or images from the past? What comes up first are parts that may need your attention. Focus on one sensation or image — tune in and ask it what it wants you to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Seth Kopald tried this, he sensed a nervousness throughout his body and he saw images from old movies in his mind — scenes of bad divorces, couples fighting over kids. He was getting in touch with a worrier part that was dominating his life at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2. Start a dialogue with your parts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In IFS, the rule is that none of our parts are bad. Each of them can give us useful information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopald started to realize that his worry and anxiety were what IFS calls “protector” parts, which help us get through tough situations. “They were trying to make me do something — to figure out a solution to help my kids,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these parts were causing so much anxiety, he was stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worrier was telling him “do something.” Then there was a critic questioning what he’d done to contribute to the bad situation. And another part was jumping in to try to numb him from the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These multiple parts were teaming up, a pattern that can happen to many of us in moments of crisis. It’s like noisy instruments playing out of tune, Kopald says, citing a metaphor frequently used in IFS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself overwhelmed by a cacophony, try to start a dialogue with your parts: What do you want me to know? What do you want to show me?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more you learn to work with your parts, you can start to become the leader, or the conductor, Kopald says, bringing up each instrument in harmony\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcd%2F82%2F16121c7449f094153ce0d4852e7f%2Fweek5-digital-spot-conductor.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>3. Take some space\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>IFS teaches you to “separate” from the noise of these competing parts. Kopald recalls the moment he started to get some perspective on his anxiety about his kids, by seeing it as just one part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it really hit me that the anxiety I’d been feeling was one aspect of me, but not \u003cem>all\u003c/em> of me, I felt this calm come over me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the beginning of a breakthrough for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to try this, ask your noisy part: “Can you give me some space so we can talk?” For Kopald, instead of feeling like he was that scared, anxious kid, he got to the place where he felt he was sitting with that kid, helping to comfort him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff3%2F51%2F2c514830489294344a2c2ecd1dd8%2Fweek2-digital-spot-honoring-pain.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>4. Get in touch with pain from childhood\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>IFS teaches that we all have \u003cem>exile \u003c/em>parts, which hold onto hurtful memories, many from childhood. Since it’s easier to bury negative feelings than deal with them, these exiles — as the name suggests — can stay locked deep within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IFS founder Dick Schwartz says the exile parts can get triggered in times of difficulty. But he says, “these are often our most sensitive and loving parts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid, Schwartz struggled in school, which frustrated his father — a prominent physician and researcher. “So he piled on a lot of shame,” Schwartz says. He could recall his father saying things like, “Dicky, you’re good for nothing,” and the hurt was buried deep within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He allowed himself to relive those experiences from childhood. “I could actually enter that scene and be with” the hurt boy, Schwartz says. In doing so he could feel the mistrust and fear and shame lifting, what IFS calls “an unburdening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Schwartz this opened up a playful inner child. “That was lacking in my life back before I actually unburdened that part,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part can be tricky to do alone. Exiles will sometimes take you back to painful scenes, and show you traumatic memories. Kopald says if you feel the pain of an exile arise, you can say: “I know you’re there – I’m not pushing you away.” You can ask it to share its story, and if this gets too intense, you may want to contact an IFS therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F26%2F0e%2F50da6c1f4194ad1e1244d14d5c49%2Fweek5-digital-spot-u-turn.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>5. Take a U-turn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kopald says his life is much better now. He has a loving relationship with his children and he’s remarried. Now an IFS-certified practitioner, he’s written a book on IFS, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Self-Led-Connected-Yourself-Application-Internal/dp/B0CNV4V3HL\">\u003cem>Self-Led: Living a Connected Life With Yourself and With Others.\u003c/em>\u003c/a> But, he still has moments when life is very stressful or throws too much at him. When this happens, he uses a technique called a U-Turn. The U-turn is an exercise to gain perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you find yourself engaging in negative self-talk — or you are feeling like everything is falling apart, take a moment to notice what’s happening inside, look inward. Kopald says he’ll ask himself: “Wait a minute, who’s taking me over right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, you observe which part inside you is triggering your anxiety, fear or negativity. And then you can tell it, “Hey, I got it. Can you just trust me to be here?” Kopald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims3/default/strip/false/crop/800x800+0+0/resize/1200/quality/75/format/jpeg/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6c%2Fcd%2F9dad3d6c48f4a56a391e9e70ed9d%2Fweek5-digital-spot-sunshine-ray.png\">\u003cfigcaption>\u003ccite> (Maria Fabrizio for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>6. Uncover the light within\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When you’re no longer dominated by the cacophony of parts, then your true self can emerge, according to IFS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In IFS, Self is the parent or leader of your system, offering love and protection to all your parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth says you can think of Self as the sun, which is often covered by clouds, i.e., your parts. Remember the sun is always in its full power, even on a cloudy day. So Kopald says, like clouds parting, we can “remove the things that block our light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Kopald, this has made a big difference. “I tend to live more in the light of myself,” he says. And he feels more clarity, compassion, creativity and calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dual enrollment is exploding. During the 2022-23 school year, nearly \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/postsecondary-outcomes-dual-enrollment-national-state.html\">2.5 million\u003c/a> high school students took college classes, simultaneously earning high school and college credits. That’s up from 1.5 million students in the fall of 2021 and roughly 300,000 students in the early 2000s. Figures released last week show that dual enrollment grew another \u003ca href=\"https://nscresearchcenter.org/stay-informed/\">7 percent\u003c/a> in the fall of 2024 from a year earlier, even as the number of traditional college freshmen fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how much all of this is costing the nation isn’t known. But the state of Texas, which accounts for 10 percent of high schoolers who are taking these college classes, was investing \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/Dual-Credit-Education-Programs-in-Texas-Phase-II-July-2018.pdf\">$120 million\u003c/a> annually as recently as 2017, according to one estimate. It wouldn’t be far fetched to extrapolate that over $1 billion a year in public funds is being spent on dual enrollment across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside this meteoric rise of students and resources, researchers are trying to understand who is taking advantage of these early college classes, whether they’re expanding the pool of college educated Americans, and if these extra credits help students earn college degrees faster and save money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/postsecondary-outcomes-dual-enrollment-national-state.html\">analysis released in October 2024\u003c/a> by the Community College Research Center (CCRC), at Teachers College, Columbia University, and the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center tracked what happened to every high school student who started taking dual enrollment classes in 2015. Of these 400,000 high schoolers, more than 80 percent enrolled in college straight after high school. That compares favorably with the general population, of whom only \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=51\">70 percent\u003c/a> of high school graduates went straight to college. Almost 30 percent of the 400,000 dual enrollees, roughly 117,000 students, earned a bachelor’s degree in four years. But a majority (58 percent) had not earned any college degree, either a four-year bachelor’s or a two-year associate, or any post-secondary credential, such as a short-term certificate, within this four-year period. (\u003cem>The Hechinger Report is an independent unit of Teachers College.\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the most detailed and extensive analysis of dual enrollment that I’ve seen, covering all students in the nation, and tracking them for years after high school. But the analysis does not answer the fundamental question of whether dual enrollment is a worthwhile public policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64915\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64915\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center-800x409.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center-768x392.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Share of new college students in the fall of 2015 who were still in high school and taking a dual enrollment class. Map reprinted from The Postsecondary Outcomes of High School Dual Enrollment Students A National and State-by-State Analysis (October 2024) Community College Research Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear that an early taste of higher education encourages more students to go to college who wouldn’t have otherwise. And it’s hard to tell from this report if the credits are helping students get through college any faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that students with dual enrollment credits are faring better than students without dual enrollment credits isn’t terribly persuasive. In order to qualify for the classes, students usually need to have done well on a test, earned high grades or be on an advanced or honors track in school. These high-achieving students would likely have graduated college in much higher numbers without any dual enrollment courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we subsidizing students who were always going to go to college anyway?” asked Kristen Hengtgen, a policy analyst at EdTrust, a nonprofit research and advocacy organization that lobbies for racial and economic equity in education. “Could we have spent the time and energy and effort differently on higher quality teachers or something else? I think that’s a really important question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hengtgen was not involved in this latest analysis, but she is concerned about the severe underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic students that the report highlights. A \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/dual-enrollment.html\">data dashboard\u003c/a> accompanying the new report documents that only 9 percent of the high schoolers in dual enrollment classes were Black, while Black students made up 16 percent of high school students. Only 17 percent of dual enrollment students were Hispanic at a time when Hispanic students made up almost a quarter of the high school population. White students, by contrast, took 65 percent of the dual enrollment seats but represented only half of the high school population. Asian students were the only group whose participation in dual enrollment matched their share of the student population: 5 percent of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates of dual enrollment have made the argument that an early taste of college can motivate students to go to college, and the fact that so few Black and Hispanic students are enrolling is perhaps is the most troubling sign that the giant public-and-private investment in education isn’t fulfilling one of its main objectives: to expand the college-educated workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hengtgen of EdTrust argues that Black, Hispanic and low-income students of all races need better high school advising to help them sign up for the classes. Sometimes, she said, students don’t know they have to have a prerequisite class in 10th grade in order to be eligible for a dual enrollment class in 11th grade, and by the time they find out, it’s too late. Cost is another barrier. Depending upon the state and county, a family may have to pay fees to take the classes. Though these fees are generally much cheaper than what college students pay per course, low-income families may still not be able to afford them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana Velasco, an economist at CCRC and lead author of the October 2024 dual enrollment report, makes the argument that dual enrollment may be most beneficial to Black and Hispanic students and low-income students of all races and ethnicities. In her data analysis, she noted that dual enrollment credits were only providing a modest boost to students overall, but very large boosts to some demographic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among all high school students who enrolled in college straight after high school, 36 percent of those with dual enrollment credits earned a bachelor’s degree within four years compared with 34 percent without any dual enrollment credits. Arguably, dual enrollment credits are not making a huge difference in time to completion, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Velasco found much larger benefits from dual enrollment when she sliced the data by race and income. Among only Black students who enrolled in college straight away, 29 percent of those who had earned dual enrollment credits completed a bachelor’s degree within four years, compared to only 18 percent of those without dual enrollment credits. That’s more than a 50 percent increase in college attainment. “The difference is massive,” said Velasco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among Hispanic students who went straight to college, 25 percent of those with dual enrollment credits earned a bachelor’s degree within four years. Only 19 percent of Hispanic college students without dual enrollment credits did. Dual enrollment also seemed particularly helpful for college students from low-income neighborhoods; 28 percent of them earned a bachelor’s degree within four years compared with only 20 percent without dual enrollment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, it’s still unclear if dual enrollment is driving these differences. It could be that Black students who opt to take dual enrollment classes were already more motivated and higher achieving and still would have graduated college in much higher numbers. (Notably, Black students with dual enrollment credits were more likely to attend selective four-year institutions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a wide variation across the nation in how dual enrollment operates in high schools. In \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019176.pdf\">most cases\u003c/a>, high schoolers never step foot on a college campus. Often the class is taught in a high school classroom by a high school teacher. Sometimes community colleges supply the instructors. English composition and college algebra are popular offerings. The courses are generally designed and the credits awarded by a local community college, though 30 percent of dual enrollment credits are awarded by four-year institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few other takeaways from the CCRC and National Student Clearinghouse report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>States with very high rates of college completion from their dual enrollment programs, such as Delaware, Georgia, Mississippi and New Jersey, tend to serve fewer Black, Hispanic and low-income students. Florida stood out as an exception. CCRC’s Velasco noted it had both strong college completion rates while serving a somewhat higher proportion of Hispanic students.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In Iowa, Texas and Washington, half of all dual enrollment students ended up going to the college that awarded their dual enrollment credits.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Wisconsin, dual enrollment students have become a huge source of future students for community colleges. (A \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/community-colleges-afford-dual-enrollment-discount.html\">separate cost study\u003c/a> shows that some community colleges are providing dual enrollment courses to a nearby high school at a loss, but if these students subsequently matriculate, their future tuition dollars can offset those losses.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And that perhaps is the most worrisome unintended consequence of the explosion of dual enrollment credits. Many bright high school students are racking up credits from three, four or even five college classes and they’re feeling pressure to take advantage of these credits by enrolling in the community college that partners with their high school. That might seem like a sensible decision. It’s iffy whether these dual enrollment credits can be transferred to another school, or, more importantly, count toward a student’s requirements in a major, which is what really matters and holds students back from graduating on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of these students could get into their state flagship or even a highly selective private college on scholarship. And they’d be better off. Dual enrollment students who started at a community college, the report found, were much less likely than those who enrolled at a four-year institution to complete a bachelor’s degree four years after high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-dual-enrollment-national-analysis/\">\u003cem>dual enrollment\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Proof Points\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and other \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dual enrollment is exploding. During the 2022-23 school year, nearly \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/postsecondary-outcomes-dual-enrollment-national-state.html\">2.5 million\u003c/a> high school students took college classes, simultaneously earning high school and college credits. That’s up from 1.5 million students in the fall of 2021 and roughly 300,000 students in the early 2000s. Figures released last week show that dual enrollment grew another \u003ca href=\"https://nscresearchcenter.org/stay-informed/\">7 percent\u003c/a> in the fall of 2024 from a year earlier, even as the number of traditional college freshmen fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how much all of this is costing the nation isn’t known. But the state of Texas, which accounts for 10 percent of high schoolers who are taking these college classes, was investing \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/Dual-Credit-Education-Programs-in-Texas-Phase-II-July-2018.pdf\">$120 million\u003c/a> annually as recently as 2017, according to one estimate. It wouldn’t be far fetched to extrapolate that over $1 billion a year in public funds is being spent on dual enrollment across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside this meteoric rise of students and resources, researchers are trying to understand who is taking advantage of these early college classes, whether they’re expanding the pool of college educated Americans, and if these extra credits help students earn college degrees faster and save money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/postsecondary-outcomes-dual-enrollment-national-state.html\">analysis released in October 2024\u003c/a> by the Community College Research Center (CCRC), at Teachers College, Columbia University, and the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center tracked what happened to every high school student who started taking dual enrollment classes in 2015. Of these 400,000 high schoolers, more than 80 percent enrolled in college straight after high school. That compares favorably with the general population, of whom only \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=51\">70 percent\u003c/a> of high school graduates went straight to college. Almost 30 percent of the 400,000 dual enrollees, roughly 117,000 students, earned a bachelor’s degree in four years. But a majority (58 percent) had not earned any college degree, either a four-year bachelor’s or a two-year associate, or any post-secondary credential, such as a short-term certificate, within this four-year period. (\u003cem>The Hechinger Report is an independent unit of Teachers College.\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the most detailed and extensive analysis of dual enrollment that I’ve seen, covering all students in the nation, and tracking them for years after high school. But the analysis does not answer the fundamental question of whether dual enrollment is a worthwhile public policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64915\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 977px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64915\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center-800x409.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/10/Community-College-Research-Center-768x392.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Share of new college students in the fall of 2015 who were still in high school and taking a dual enrollment class. Map reprinted from The Postsecondary Outcomes of High School Dual Enrollment Students A National and State-by-State Analysis (October 2024) Community College Research Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear that an early taste of higher education encourages more students to go to college who wouldn’t have otherwise. And it’s hard to tell from this report if the credits are helping students get through college any faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that students with dual enrollment credits are faring better than students without dual enrollment credits isn’t terribly persuasive. In order to qualify for the classes, students usually need to have done well on a test, earned high grades or be on an advanced or honors track in school. These high-achieving students would likely have graduated college in much higher numbers without any dual enrollment courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we subsidizing students who were always going to go to college anyway?” asked Kristen Hengtgen, a policy analyst at EdTrust, a nonprofit research and advocacy organization that lobbies for racial and economic equity in education. “Could we have spent the time and energy and effort differently on higher quality teachers or something else? I think that’s a really important question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hengtgen was not involved in this latest analysis, but she is concerned about the severe underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic students that the report highlights. A \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/dual-enrollment.html\">data dashboard\u003c/a> accompanying the new report documents that only 9 percent of the high schoolers in dual enrollment classes were Black, while Black students made up 16 percent of high school students. Only 17 percent of dual enrollment students were Hispanic at a time when Hispanic students made up almost a quarter of the high school population. White students, by contrast, took 65 percent of the dual enrollment seats but represented only half of the high school population. Asian students were the only group whose participation in dual enrollment matched their share of the student population: 5 percent of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates of dual enrollment have made the argument that an early taste of college can motivate students to go to college, and the fact that so few Black and Hispanic students are enrolling is perhaps is the most troubling sign that the giant public-and-private investment in education isn’t fulfilling one of its main objectives: to expand the college-educated workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hengtgen of EdTrust argues that Black, Hispanic and low-income students of all races need better high school advising to help them sign up for the classes. Sometimes, she said, students don’t know they have to have a prerequisite class in 10th grade in order to be eligible for a dual enrollment class in 11th grade, and by the time they find out, it’s too late. Cost is another barrier. Depending upon the state and county, a family may have to pay fees to take the classes. Though these fees are generally much cheaper than what college students pay per course, low-income families may still not be able to afford them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana Velasco, an economist at CCRC and lead author of the October 2024 dual enrollment report, makes the argument that dual enrollment may be most beneficial to Black and Hispanic students and low-income students of all races and ethnicities. In her data analysis, she noted that dual enrollment credits were only providing a modest boost to students overall, but very large boosts to some demographic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among all high school students who enrolled in college straight after high school, 36 percent of those with dual enrollment credits earned a bachelor’s degree within four years compared with 34 percent without any dual enrollment credits. Arguably, dual enrollment credits are not making a huge difference in time to completion, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Velasco found much larger benefits from dual enrollment when she sliced the data by race and income. Among only Black students who enrolled in college straight away, 29 percent of those who had earned dual enrollment credits completed a bachelor’s degree within four years, compared to only 18 percent of those without dual enrollment credits. That’s more than a 50 percent increase in college attainment. “The difference is massive,” said Velasco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among Hispanic students who went straight to college, 25 percent of those with dual enrollment credits earned a bachelor’s degree within four years. Only 19 percent of Hispanic college students without dual enrollment credits did. Dual enrollment also seemed particularly helpful for college students from low-income neighborhoods; 28 percent of them earned a bachelor’s degree within four years compared with only 20 percent without dual enrollment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, it’s still unclear if dual enrollment is driving these differences. It could be that Black students who opt to take dual enrollment classes were already more motivated and higher achieving and still would have graduated college in much higher numbers. (Notably, Black students with dual enrollment credits were more likely to attend selective four-year institutions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a wide variation across the nation in how dual enrollment operates in high schools. In \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019176.pdf\">most cases\u003c/a>, high schoolers never step foot on a college campus. Often the class is taught in a high school classroom by a high school teacher. Sometimes community colleges supply the instructors. English composition and college algebra are popular offerings. The courses are generally designed and the credits awarded by a local community college, though 30 percent of dual enrollment credits are awarded by four-year institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few other takeaways from the CCRC and National Student Clearinghouse report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>States with very high rates of college completion from their dual enrollment programs, such as Delaware, Georgia, Mississippi and New Jersey, tend to serve fewer Black, Hispanic and low-income students. Florida stood out as an exception. CCRC’s Velasco noted it had both strong college completion rates while serving a somewhat higher proportion of Hispanic students.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In Iowa, Texas and Washington, half of all dual enrollment students ended up going to the college that awarded their dual enrollment credits.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Wisconsin, dual enrollment students have become a huge source of future students for community colleges. (A \u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/community-colleges-afford-dual-enrollment-discount.html\">separate cost study\u003c/a> shows that some community colleges are providing dual enrollment courses to a nearby high school at a loss, but if these students subsequently matriculate, their future tuition dollars can offset those losses.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And that perhaps is the most worrisome unintended consequence of the explosion of dual enrollment credits. Many bright high school students are racking up credits from three, four or even five college classes and they’re feeling pressure to take advantage of these credits by enrolling in the community college that partners with their high school. That might seem like a sensible decision. It’s iffy whether these dual enrollment credits can be transferred to another school, or, more importantly, count toward a student’s requirements in a major, which is what really matters and holds students back from graduating on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of these students could get into their state flagship or even a highly selective private college on scholarship. And they’d be better off. Dual enrollment students who started at a community college, the report found, were much less likely than those who enrolled at a four-year institution to complete a bachelor’s degree four years after high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-dual-enrollment-national-analysis/\">\u003cem>dual enrollment\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cem>Proof Points\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and other \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cem>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most loving parents feel a natural desire to praise their children. Yet, there seems to be a backlash against praise recently, particularly on social media. One of my favorite comedians, Taylor Wolfe, highlighted the anti-praise movement in a viral reel titled “Teaching My Boomer Mom About Millennial Parenting” (watch \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DAWXzhYSck5/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==\">here\u003c/a> if you haven’t already). In this video, she instructs her mother not to say “Good job” or “I’m so proud of you” — a request that her mother clearly finds ridiculous. This video is relatable in part because it showcases the confusion we all feel around praise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of us who grew up in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/self-esteem-grit-do-they-really-help.html\">“self-esteem craze” of the 90’s\u003c/a>, it is hard to understand what could be wrong with a seemingly benign and loving phrase like “I’m so proud of you.” Enter gentle parenting influencers. Gentle parenting advocates would argue this type of praise will cause children to become overly dependent on validation from others and ultimately reduce their internal motivation to engage in the behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the research actually find about praising children? Is it an effective way to encourage children \u003cem>or\u003c/em> will it make children overly dependent on the approval of others and lacking in internal motivation? Will phrases like “I’m proud of you” and “Good job” really turn your children into \u003ca href=\"https://www.alfiekohn.org/article/five-reasons-stop-saying-good-job/\">“praise junkies”\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The Research on Praise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>First, it is important to mention that there is isn’t anything inherently wrong with praise. Praise has long been a tool encouraged by psychologists and included in most \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204929\">evidence-based parenting programs\u003c/a>. Most psychologists and researchers consider praise an essential part of positive parenting. Research also suggests that praise generally has a positive impact on children, as praise has been associated with improved \u003ca href=\"https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fdev0000444\">academic performance\u003c/a>, increased likelihood of \u003ca href=\"https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Wiley-Blackwell/Ulber_Extrinsic_ChildDev_2016_2327864.pdf\">engaging in kind and helpful behavior\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/advpub/0/advpub_JE20090168/_pdf\">enhanced social competence\u003c/a>. Praise from parents is even associated with \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0154220\">increased brain matter\u003c/a> in an area of the brain associated with empathy, conscientiousness and open-mindedness. We also don’t have any evidence that praise in general decreases intrinsic motivation and we actually have \u003ca href=\"https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Wiley-Blackwell/Ulber_Extrinsic_ChildDev_2016_2327864.pdf\">evidence that praise may increase intrinsic motivation.\u003c/a>Yet, \u003ca href=\"https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.12064\">research\u003c/a> does find that \u003cem>how\u003c/em> you praise your child matters and that some types of praise may be better than other types of praise. Fortunately, research gives us some guidance here.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How To Praise Your Child\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So how exactly should you praise your children? Research provides the following tips:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Praise the process, not the person. \u003c/strong>Praise your child’s effort, strategy and process, rather than praising traits that they cannot change as easily (such as intelligence, athleticism or beauty). \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrei-Cimpian/publication/6360300_Subtle_Linguistic_Cues_Affect_Children%27s_Motivation/links/5e9ccd4d299bf13079aa3266/Subtle-Linguistic-Cues-Affect-Childrens-Motivation.pdf\">Research\u003c/a> finds that “process praise” (translation: praising effort, strategy and process) enhances children’s internal motivation and persistence in the face of challenge. “Person praise” (translation: praising fixed traits associated with the person such as “you are so smart/nice/beautiful”) tends to make children\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bradley-Morris/publication/44694663_Good_job_you%27re_so_smart_The_effects_of_inconsistency_of_praise_type_on_young_children%27s_motivation/links/5a2745fe4585155dd42419c2/Good-job-youre-so-smart-The-effects-of-inconsistency-of-praise-type-on-young-childrens-motivation.pdf\"> fixate more on their mistakes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13423-012-0294-y\">give up more easily\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://people.uncw.edu/hungerforda/Infancy/PDF/Person%20versus%20process%20praise%20and%20criticism.pdf\">blame themselves\u003c/a>. Why does this happen? Imagine if your parents have always told you how smart you are and then you just cannot understand algebra. You might assume that your parents are wrong and you actually aren’t “smart” and decide there is no point in even trying because you are either “smart” or “not smart”— it’s a fixed trait that you can’t change. You might also feel less inclined to challenge yourself (because what if you fail and are no longer considered “smart”) and you may be more likely to cheat to prove you are “smart.” The pressure to achieve feels both overwhelming and out of your control. However, if your parents mostly praised you for how hard you worked in math, you would likely simply work harder if you did not understand algebra, entirely avoiding the intense pressure and existential crisis of no longer being “smart.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Use supportive rather than controlling praise. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://home.ubalt.edu/ntygmitc/642/Articles%20syllabus/Deci%20Koestner%20Ryan%20meta%20IM%20psy%20bull%2099.pdf\">Research\u003c/a> suggests that you should avoid using praise that aims to control your child’s behavior because this type of praise \u003cem>does\u003c/em> seem to decrease intrinsic motivation. In other words, the goal of your praise should not be to try to pressure your child into doing what you want them to do. For example, rather than saying, “You are so good at science. You should be a doctor like me when you grow up,” say, “It seems like you really enjoy science and really work hard to understand it.” Be careful of any praise that uses the word “should” or may make your child feel pressured.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Avoid using praise that compares your child to other children. \u003c/strong>When you use praise to compare your child to other children, it seems to \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15298860500280223\">enhance performance\u003c/a> in the short term, \u003cem>but\u003c/em> in the long-term this practice may lead your children to judge their performance \u003ca href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.469.2099&rep=rep1&type=pdf\">only in relation to other people\u003c/a> rather than meeting their own goals or enjoying it themselves. For example, rather than praising your child for being the best soccer player on their team, focus on their own performance. You want to be particularly careful about not comparing your child to their siblings with your praise (such as, “You are such a better listener than your brother”), since \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6298862/\">research\u003c/a> finds that sibling comparisons are linked to behavior problems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Use specific rather than general praise. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=10742956&AN=72084567&h=ohKN3AWW8XkZii0vGQc9mhTKvIBkrKNo348mYG0eFOLrCHEtrADZN1lLNAMZXzpR16pGXZAlWpZe9cjjMRRTIQ%3D%3D&crl=c\">Research\u003c/a> finds that praise with specific information helps children to learn how to improve their behavior in the future. For example, “good job putting your toys back in the bin when you were done using them” helps children to learn a specific expectation. If you simply say “good job” after your child cleans up their toys, they may not know what you are referring to. However, it is also important to mention that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00928/full\">recent study\u003c/a> found that even general and vague praise (“Yea” in this study) may not undermine persistence or make kids view themselves more negatively. The only concern with this type of general praise is that it may not give children an idea of how to improve in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Use gestures as praise. \u003c/strong>Research also suggests that parents may want to use gestures (high fives, thumbs up) to encourage their children occasionally. \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00928/full\">Research\u003c/a> finds that gestures may even be very effective in improving children’s self-evaluation, that is their own judgement of how they did and how they feel about it.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Combine praise with positive attention. \u003c/strong>Try to use praise with positive attention or a positive nonverbal response (hug, smile, pat or another type of physical affection). Research finds that this may be the \u003ca href=\"http://parented.wdfiles.com/local--files/discipline/Effect%20of%20Praise,%20Reprimand%20on%20Compliance.pdf\">most effective in improving children’s behavior.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Be sincere with your praise. \u003c/strong>This last tip may be the most important. \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550616683020\">Research\u003c/a> suggests that when children sense that their parents are either over-praising or under-praising their performance, they are more likely to experience depression and lower academic performance. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0031917\">Research\u003c/a> also finds that overly effusive praise (such as, “That is the most beautiful drawing I have ever seen”) is associated with children developing low self-esteem, avoiding challenges and becoming overly dependent on praise.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>So Can You Say “I’m So Proud of You”? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There is no research that specifically examines the impact of telling your children “I’m so proud of you” or even research comparing phrases that focus on the child’s self-evaluation versus the adult’s evaluation (such as saying “You seem so happy with this artwork” versus “I think your artwork is so beautiful”) so it is hard to make a specific recommendation about this phrase. However, based on the research that we do have, there doesn’t seem to be anything wrong with saying “I’m proud of you.” However, research would suggest that you might want to make sure that you are specific (“I’m proud of you for trying so hard to make the team”), that you are not focusing on fixed traits (“I’m proud of you for helping others” versus “I’m proud of you for being a helper”) and that you aren’t being controlling or pressuring (“I’m so proud that you are finally getting A’s in math”).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What About “Good Job”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Again, there is no research looking specifically at the phrase “good job.” Based on the research we do have, “good job” does not seem to be harmful but may not be specific enough. If your child doesn’t know what you are referring to, they may misinterpret or discredit your praise. In addition, “good job” is often used in an insincere way. I am imagining a scenario where your child insists that you watch them do hundreds of handstands in the pool and for each one you say “good job” without even looking up from your phone. It is easy to see how this experience would cheapen the experience of praise for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What Happens If You Don’t Praise Perfectly? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After reading all of this research, you may be feeling overwhelmed by all of these “praise rules” or guilty about the times you haven’t followed these guidelines. But don’t stress— you don’t have to do this perfectly (and literally no parent ever has)! Just aim for following these rules as often as you can. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022096510000755\">Research\u003c/a> finds that as long as most of the praise that children hear (at least three out of four times) is the praise supported by research, children show increased persistence and improved self-evaluation. This suggests that even if you forget these rules 1 out of 4 times, there is no reason to worry. So when you slip up and call your child “smart” or give them an insincere “good job” (and trust me— we have \u003cem>all\u003c/em> done it), your child will be just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Some Examples of The Type of Praise You Should Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>I can see how hard you worked on that\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m so proud of you for making a good choice even when it felt hard for you\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you for helping me\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was so creative\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love how you are sharing with your brother\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Some Examples of The Type of Praise You Should Try to Avoid\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You’re so smart\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You are the best player on the team\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re such a good boy/girl\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You are the best helper/listener\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great job sharing with your brother. You should act like this everyday. It would make my life so much easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Overall Translation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In summary, praise enhances motivation and perseverance and improves behavior when it is sincere, suggests that the child has control over improving the outcome, is supportive rather than controlling, encourages internal motivation, does not compare the child to others and is specific and accurate. There is nothing wrong with saying “I’m so proud of you” or “Good job”— just try to make sure you are being sincere and specific when you use these phrases. Above all, as long as your praise is sincere, don’t overthink it. It’s the children whose parents never praise them who really struggle, not the children whose parents are worried about praising them in the “right” way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Cara Goodwin, PhD, is a licensed psychologist, a mother of four and the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://parentingtranslator.substack.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parenting Translator\u003c/a>, a nonprofit newsletter that turns scientific research into information that is accurate, relevant and useful for parents.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most loving parents feel a natural desire to praise their children. Yet, there seems to be a backlash against praise recently, particularly on social media. One of my favorite comedians, Taylor Wolfe, highlighted the anti-praise movement in a viral reel titled “Teaching My Boomer Mom About Millennial Parenting” (watch \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DAWXzhYSck5/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==\">here\u003c/a> if you haven’t already). In this video, she instructs her mother not to say “Good job” or “I’m so proud of you” — a request that her mother clearly finds ridiculous. This video is relatable in part because it showcases the confusion we all feel around praise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of us who grew up in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/self-esteem-grit-do-they-really-help.html\">“self-esteem craze” of the 90’s\u003c/a>, it is hard to understand what could be wrong with a seemingly benign and loving phrase like “I’m so proud of you.” Enter gentle parenting influencers. Gentle parenting advocates would argue this type of praise will cause children to become overly dependent on validation from others and ultimately reduce their internal motivation to engage in the behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the research actually find about praising children? Is it an effective way to encourage children \u003cem>or\u003c/em> will it make children overly dependent on the approval of others and lacking in internal motivation? Will phrases like “I’m proud of you” and “Good job” really turn your children into \u003ca href=\"https://www.alfiekohn.org/article/five-reasons-stop-saying-good-job/\">“praise junkies”\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The Research on Praise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>First, it is important to mention that there is isn’t anything inherently wrong with praise. Praise has long been a tool encouraged by psychologists and included in most \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204929\">evidence-based parenting programs\u003c/a>. Most psychologists and researchers consider praise an essential part of positive parenting. Research also suggests that praise generally has a positive impact on children, as praise has been associated with improved \u003ca href=\"https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fdev0000444\">academic performance\u003c/a>, increased likelihood of \u003ca href=\"https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Wiley-Blackwell/Ulber_Extrinsic_ChildDev_2016_2327864.pdf\">engaging in kind and helpful behavior\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/advpub/0/advpub_JE20090168/_pdf\">enhanced social competence\u003c/a>. Praise from parents is even associated with \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0154220\">increased brain matter\u003c/a> in an area of the brain associated with empathy, conscientiousness and open-mindedness. We also don’t have any evidence that praise in general decreases intrinsic motivation and we actually have \u003ca href=\"https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Wiley-Blackwell/Ulber_Extrinsic_ChildDev_2016_2327864.pdf\">evidence that praise may increase intrinsic motivation.\u003c/a>Yet, \u003ca href=\"https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.12064\">research\u003c/a> does find that \u003cem>how\u003c/em> you praise your child matters and that some types of praise may be better than other types of praise. Fortunately, research gives us some guidance here.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How To Praise Your Child\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So how exactly should you praise your children? Research provides the following tips:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Praise the process, not the person. \u003c/strong>Praise your child’s effort, strategy and process, rather than praising traits that they cannot change as easily (such as intelligence, athleticism or beauty). \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrei-Cimpian/publication/6360300_Subtle_Linguistic_Cues_Affect_Children%27s_Motivation/links/5e9ccd4d299bf13079aa3266/Subtle-Linguistic-Cues-Affect-Childrens-Motivation.pdf\">Research\u003c/a> finds that “process praise” (translation: praising effort, strategy and process) enhances children’s internal motivation and persistence in the face of challenge. “Person praise” (translation: praising fixed traits associated with the person such as “you are so smart/nice/beautiful”) tends to make children\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bradley-Morris/publication/44694663_Good_job_you%27re_so_smart_The_effects_of_inconsistency_of_praise_type_on_young_children%27s_motivation/links/5a2745fe4585155dd42419c2/Good-job-youre-so-smart-The-effects-of-inconsistency-of-praise-type-on-young-childrens-motivation.pdf\"> fixate more on their mistakes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13423-012-0294-y\">give up more easily\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://people.uncw.edu/hungerforda/Infancy/PDF/Person%20versus%20process%20praise%20and%20criticism.pdf\">blame themselves\u003c/a>. Why does this happen? Imagine if your parents have always told you how smart you are and then you just cannot understand algebra. You might assume that your parents are wrong and you actually aren’t “smart” and decide there is no point in even trying because you are either “smart” or “not smart”— it’s a fixed trait that you can’t change. You might also feel less inclined to challenge yourself (because what if you fail and are no longer considered “smart”) and you may be more likely to cheat to prove you are “smart.” The pressure to achieve feels both overwhelming and out of your control. However, if your parents mostly praised you for how hard you worked in math, you would likely simply work harder if you did not understand algebra, entirely avoiding the intense pressure and existential crisis of no longer being “smart.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Use supportive rather than controlling praise. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://home.ubalt.edu/ntygmitc/642/Articles%20syllabus/Deci%20Koestner%20Ryan%20meta%20IM%20psy%20bull%2099.pdf\">Research\u003c/a> suggests that you should avoid using praise that aims to control your child’s behavior because this type of praise \u003cem>does\u003c/em> seem to decrease intrinsic motivation. In other words, the goal of your praise should not be to try to pressure your child into doing what you want them to do. For example, rather than saying, “You are so good at science. You should be a doctor like me when you grow up,” say, “It seems like you really enjoy science and really work hard to understand it.” Be careful of any praise that uses the word “should” or may make your child feel pressured.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Avoid using praise that compares your child to other children. \u003c/strong>When you use praise to compare your child to other children, it seems to \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15298860500280223\">enhance performance\u003c/a> in the short term, \u003cem>but\u003c/em> in the long-term this practice may lead your children to judge their performance \u003ca href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.469.2099&rep=rep1&type=pdf\">only in relation to other people\u003c/a> rather than meeting their own goals or enjoying it themselves. For example, rather than praising your child for being the best soccer player on their team, focus on their own performance. You want to be particularly careful about not comparing your child to their siblings with your praise (such as, “You are such a better listener than your brother”), since \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6298862/\">research\u003c/a> finds that sibling comparisons are linked to behavior problems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Use specific rather than general praise. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=10742956&AN=72084567&h=ohKN3AWW8XkZii0vGQc9mhTKvIBkrKNo348mYG0eFOLrCHEtrADZN1lLNAMZXzpR16pGXZAlWpZe9cjjMRRTIQ%3D%3D&crl=c\">Research\u003c/a> finds that praise with specific information helps children to learn how to improve their behavior in the future. For example, “good job putting your toys back in the bin when you were done using them” helps children to learn a specific expectation. If you simply say “good job” after your child cleans up their toys, they may not know what you are referring to. However, it is also important to mention that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00928/full\">recent study\u003c/a> found that even general and vague praise (“Yea” in this study) may not undermine persistence or make kids view themselves more negatively. The only concern with this type of general praise is that it may not give children an idea of how to improve in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Use gestures as praise. \u003c/strong>Research also suggests that parents may want to use gestures (high fives, thumbs up) to encourage their children occasionally. \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00928/full\">Research\u003c/a> finds that gestures may even be very effective in improving children’s self-evaluation, that is their own judgement of how they did and how they feel about it.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Combine praise with positive attention. \u003c/strong>Try to use praise with positive attention or a positive nonverbal response (hug, smile, pat or another type of physical affection). Research finds that this may be the \u003ca href=\"http://parented.wdfiles.com/local--files/discipline/Effect%20of%20Praise,%20Reprimand%20on%20Compliance.pdf\">most effective in improving children’s behavior.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Be sincere with your praise. \u003c/strong>This last tip may be the most important. \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550616683020\">Research\u003c/a> suggests that when children sense that their parents are either over-praising or under-praising their performance, they are more likely to experience depression and lower academic performance. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0031917\">Research\u003c/a> also finds that overly effusive praise (such as, “That is the most beautiful drawing I have ever seen”) is associated with children developing low self-esteem, avoiding challenges and becoming overly dependent on praise.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>So Can You Say “I’m So Proud of You”? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There is no research that specifically examines the impact of telling your children “I’m so proud of you” or even research comparing phrases that focus on the child’s self-evaluation versus the adult’s evaluation (such as saying “You seem so happy with this artwork” versus “I think your artwork is so beautiful”) so it is hard to make a specific recommendation about this phrase. However, based on the research that we do have, there doesn’t seem to be anything wrong with saying “I’m proud of you.” However, research would suggest that you might want to make sure that you are specific (“I’m proud of you for trying so hard to make the team”), that you are not focusing on fixed traits (“I’m proud of you for helping others” versus “I’m proud of you for being a helper”) and that you aren’t being controlling or pressuring (“I’m so proud that you are finally getting A’s in math”).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What About “Good Job”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Again, there is no research looking specifically at the phrase “good job.” Based on the research we do have, “good job” does not seem to be harmful but may not be specific enough. If your child doesn’t know what you are referring to, they may misinterpret or discredit your praise. In addition, “good job” is often used in an insincere way. I am imagining a scenario where your child insists that you watch them do hundreds of handstands in the pool and for each one you say “good job” without even looking up from your phone. It is easy to see how this experience would cheapen the experience of praise for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What Happens If You Don’t Praise Perfectly? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After reading all of this research, you may be feeling overwhelmed by all of these “praise rules” or guilty about the times you haven’t followed these guidelines. But don’t stress— you don’t have to do this perfectly (and literally no parent ever has)! Just aim for following these rules as often as you can. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022096510000755\">Research\u003c/a> finds that as long as most of the praise that children hear (at least three out of four times) is the praise supported by research, children show increased persistence and improved self-evaluation. This suggests that even if you forget these rules 1 out of 4 times, there is no reason to worry. So when you slip up and call your child “smart” or give them an insincere “good job” (and trust me— we have \u003cem>all\u003c/em> done it), your child will be just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Some Examples of The Type of Praise You Should Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>I can see how hard you worked on that\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m so proud of you for making a good choice even when it felt hard for you\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you for helping me\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was so creative\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love how you are sharing with your brother\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Some Examples of The Type of Praise You Should Try to Avoid\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You’re so smart\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You are the best player on the team\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re such a good boy/girl\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You are the best helper/listener\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great job sharing with your brother. You should act like this everyday. It would make my life so much easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Overall Translation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In summary, praise enhances motivation and perseverance and improves behavior when it is sincere, suggests that the child has control over improving the outcome, is supportive rather than controlling, encourages internal motivation, does not compare the child to others and is specific and accurate. There is nothing wrong with saying “I’m so proud of you” or “Good job”— just try to make sure you are being sincere and specific when you use these phrases. Above all, as long as your praise is sincere, don’t overthink it. It’s the children whose parents never praise them who really struggle, not the children whose parents are worried about praising them in the “right” way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Cara Goodwin, PhD, is a licensed psychologist, a mother of four and the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://parentingtranslator.substack.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parenting Translator\u003c/a>, a nonprofit newsletter that turns scientific research into information that is accurate, relevant and useful for parents.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
"totalVotes": 33331,
"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Shanelle Scales-Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12993
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{
"candidateName": "Iztaccuauhtli Hector Gonzalez",
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11513,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 7554
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Measure B",
"raceDescription": "Antioch Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 17971,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10397
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "Martinez Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 9230,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6917
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2313
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"CCMeasureD": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Measure D",
"raceDescription": "Moraga School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6007,
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Mike Kusiak",
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Ramnath “Ram” Shanbhogue",
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]
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Brian Donahue",
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{
"candidateName": "Walter Pizarro",
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{
"candidateName": "John T. Van Geffen",
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},
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Rinu Nair",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
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{
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Patricio R. Urbi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Jatinder (JP) K. Sahi",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Michelle Parnala",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Michael Gonzales",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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]
},
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"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32709,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vikas Minglani",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Gabriel Anguiano Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Block",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7607
},
{
"candidateName": "Phuong Nguyen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6237
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]
},
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donalyn Harris",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Kelly Mokashi",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3955
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jen Flynn",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3306
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlie Jones",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Lorenzo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3695,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alicia Gonzalez",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2360
},
{
"candidateName": "Penny Peck",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1335
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]
},
"AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Sunol Glen Unified School District Governing Board",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Jergensen",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 264
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Choin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 369
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 141857,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John J. Bauters",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 70721
},
{
"candidateName": "Nikki Fortunato Bas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 71136
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 61690,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Trish Herrera Spencer",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Thushan Amarasiriwardena",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13041
},
{
"candidateName": "Michele Pryor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16381
},
{
"candidateName": "Greg Boller",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14193
},
{
"candidateName": "Steve Slauson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6004
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaAuditor": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaAuditor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Auditor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27745,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin R. Kearney",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Treasurer",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27488,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin Kennedy",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27488
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Rent Stabilization Board Commissioner",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 138141,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alfred Twu",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22919
},
{
"candidateName": "Carole Marasovic",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19543
},
{
"candidateName": "Xavier Johnson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Avery Arbaugh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19802
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Kelley",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23354
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominique Walker",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley School Director",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 84728,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Norma J.F. Harrison",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Corn",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Laura Babitt",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ana Vasudeo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25717
},
{
"candidateName": "Adbur Sikder",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25487,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tom Evans",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8268
},
{
"candidateName": "Sherry Hu",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Josey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7130
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Costello",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 825
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6132,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael McCorriston",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "John Morada",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaEmeryvilleCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sam Gould",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Mia Esperanza Brown",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sukhdeep Kaur",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Courtney Welch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Solomon",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaFremontMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontMayor",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 77254,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rohan Marfatia",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vinnie Bacon",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25060
},
{
"candidateName": "Hiu Ng",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6897
},
{
"candidateName": "Raj Salwan",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36373
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11765,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Teresa Keng",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7458
},
{
"candidateName": "Pravesh Kumar",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ranvir Sandhu",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15636,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sterling Jefferson Engle",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Chandra Wagh",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5254
},
{
"candidateName": "Yajing Zhang",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7425
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11222,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Raymond Liu",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Teresa Cox",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaHaywardCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaHaywardCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Hayward City Council",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 132411,
"candidates": [
{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Goldstein",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Angela Andrews",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Joe O. Ramos",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ray Bonilla Jr.",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Tom Ferreira",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Francisco Zermeño",
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{
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{
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]
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Matthew B. Gaidos",
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{
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{
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{
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]
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{
"candidateName": "Raymond Ojeda",
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Rich Halket",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Damaris Villalobos-Galindo",
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"AlamedaMeasureL": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure L",
"raceDescription": "Albany Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8868,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6403
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2465
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "Fremont Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 75929,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 48795
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27134
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "New Haven Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 26494,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17889
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8605
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "Newark Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15675,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10603
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5072
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure P",
"raceDescription": "Piedmont Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7005,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5678
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1327
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "San Lorenzo Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% + 1 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23788,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15803
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7985
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureC": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8959,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6317
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2642
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureR": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureR",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure R",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Business license tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8849,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4212
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4637
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureS": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureS",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure S",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Appoint city manager. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8268,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5506
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2762
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureT": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureT",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure T",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Eliminate bond requirement. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8164,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5791
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2373
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureU": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureU",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure U",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Bonding limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7953,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5692
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2261
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureV": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureV",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure V",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Youth voting. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8760,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5614
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3146
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureW": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureW",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure W",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Property transfer tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51584,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 31433
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20151
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureX": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureX",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure X",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 53196,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41788
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11408
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureY": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureY",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Y",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52490,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39475
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13015
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureZ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureZ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Z",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Sugary drinks and sweetenders tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52885,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 42252
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10633
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureAA": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureAA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure AA",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Spending limit. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52237,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 46358
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5879
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureBB": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureBB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure BB",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52834,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 29589
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23245
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureCC": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureCC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure CC",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51587,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18059
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33528
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureDD": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureDD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure DD",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. CAFO prohibition. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49656,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30736
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18920
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureEE": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureEE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure EE",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52264,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23850
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28414
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureFF": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureFF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure FF",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52442,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 31922
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20520
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureGG": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureGG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure GG",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Fossil fuel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52182,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16161
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36021
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureHH": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureHH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure HH",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Indoor air quality. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51064,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22175
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28889
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureII": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureII",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure II",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Open Space Initiative. Passes with 50% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25675,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13635
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12040
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureJJ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureJJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure JJ",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Government accountability. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25420,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19334
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6086
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureK1": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureK1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure K1",
"raceDescription": "Hayward. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 46657,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 38785
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7872
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureLL": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureLL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure LL",
"raceDescription": "Newark. Transient occupancy tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15792,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12702
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3090
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureMM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureMM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure MM",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Wildfire protection zone. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35248,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25105
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10143
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureNN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureNN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure NN",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Parking tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 159424,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 112874
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 46550
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureOO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureOO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure OO",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Public ethics comission. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 150368,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 110226
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 40142
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasurePP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasurePP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure PP",
"raceDescription": "Pleasanton. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34840,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15963
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18877
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure QQ",
"raceDescription": "Union City. Gross receipts tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24778,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20223
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4555
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7963,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2070
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2150
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 392
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1488
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1863
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7859.9238,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2001
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2001
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1821.944
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2035.9798
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7091,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1631
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1970
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 717
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2773
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6944.475,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1995.305
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2568.17
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2381
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52448,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19960
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19623
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11841
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 498
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 526
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49223,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25131
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24092
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6865,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Terry Taplin",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4782
},
{
"candidateName": "Jenny Guarino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2083
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6342,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1526
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1458
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3358
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6095,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1833
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4262
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8579,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1063
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1719
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5797
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8256,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1993
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6263
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7326,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brent Blackaby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4403
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Katz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2923
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 143482,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5400
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30461
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4830
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41842
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2254
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39223
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2790
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9687
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5623
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1372
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 126987,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72260
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 54727
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29595,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2579
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22628
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4388
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29234,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24336
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4898
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 20538,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1598
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9860
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1456
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6216
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 607
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 801
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19485,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11423
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8062
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12285,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6476
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1928
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3881
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12044,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7114
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4930
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13074,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2061
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4423
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4127
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2463
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12090,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6295
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5795
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137482,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brenda Harbin-Forte",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56700
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Richardson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 80782
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28778,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rachel Latta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22397
},
{
"candidateName": "Benjamin Salop",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6381
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:43 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19752,
"candidates": [
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:18 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
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{
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{
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Pierre Washington",
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"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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{
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{
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
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"location": "Napa",
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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{
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{
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"location": "Napa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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{
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Hector R. Marroquin",
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{
"candidateName": "Aaron Barak",
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]
},
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2014,
"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Robert Moore",
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{
"candidateName": "Pam Reeves",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
"candidateName": "Eric E. Knight",
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]
},
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Measure B",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
"totalVotes": 39634,
"candidates": [
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{
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"NapaMeasureU": {
"id": "NapaMeasureU",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure U",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
"totalVotes": 56876,
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"NapaMeasureA1": {
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"location": "Napa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"location": "Napa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:06 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 18, 2024",
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"SFBoardofEducation": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
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"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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{
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{
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 81002
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{
"candidateName": "John Jersin",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122389
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{
"candidateName": "Parag Gupta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 139286
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Alexander",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122657
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{
"candidateName": "Supryia Marie Ray",
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"voteCount": 127793
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{
"candidateName": "Virginia Cheung",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 100974
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{
"candidateName": "Min Chang",
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"voteCount": 48530
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{
"candidateName": "Maddy Krantz",
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"voteCount": 33142
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]
},
"SFCommunityCollegeBoard": {
"id": "SFCommunityCollegeBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Community College Board",
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"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 822909,
"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Leanna C. Louie",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50333
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Julio J. Ramos",
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{
"candidateName": "Aliya Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
"candidateName": "Ben Kaplan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 49292
},
{
"candidateName": "Alan Wong",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 140893
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Zamora",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 117625
}
]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. Includes votes from San Francisco and Alameda County.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 161104,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Victor E. Flores",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 92644
},
{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 68460
}
]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 9",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137793,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward Wright",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 86922
},
{
"candidateName": "Joe Sangirardi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50871
}
]
},
"SFMeasureA": {
"id": "SFMeasureA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure A",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 377147,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 282851
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 94296
}
]
},
"SFMeasureB": {
"id": "SFMeasureB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure B",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Community health and safety bond. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376495,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274092
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102403
}
]
},
"SFMeasureC": {
"id": "SFMeasureC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Inspector General position. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 370218,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 225619
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 144599
}
]
},
"SFMeasureD": {
"id": "SFMeasureD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure D",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Commissions and mayoral authority. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 366180,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 158636
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 207544
}
]
},
"SFMeasureE": {
"id": "SFMeasureE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure E",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Commissions task force. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363712,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 192469
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 171243
}
]
},
"SFMeasureF": {
"id": "SFMeasureF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure F",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Police pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 361522,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 163748
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 197774
}
]
},
"SFMeasureG": {
"id": "SFMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure G",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Affordable housing. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 370674,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 217706
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 152968
}
]
},
"SFMeasureH": {
"id": "SFMeasureH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure H",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Firefighter pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 365803,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 192498
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 173305
}
]
},
"SFMeasureI": {
"id": "SFMeasureI",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure I",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Nurse and 911 operator pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363323,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 261223
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102100
}
]
},
"SFMeasureJ": {
"id": "SFMeasureJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure J",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. City spending. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 362659,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 297850
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 64809
}
]
},
"SFMeasureK": {
"id": "SFMeasureK",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure K",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Permanently closing Upper Great Highway to private vehicles. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376348,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 205956
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 170392
}
]
},
"SFMeasureL": {
"id": "SFMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure L",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Transportation network companies tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 369432,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 210295
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 159137
}
]
},
"SFMeasureM": {
"id": "SFMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Business tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 342175,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 237835
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 104340
}
]
},
"SFMeasureN": {
"id": "SFMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Student loan reimbursement. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363291,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 187881
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 175410
}
]
},
"SFMeasureO": {
"id": "SFMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Reproductive rights. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 373099,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 312797
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 60302
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound1": {
"id": "SFMayorRound1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Round 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 390012,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 95079
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72083
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1318
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2076
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2896
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102676
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1791
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 89179
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 811
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11418
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1610
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 413
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8662
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound3": {
"id": "SFMayorRound3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 331345,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149060
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 182285
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35458,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 898
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14749
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16659
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1344
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1808
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34279,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16492
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17787
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28743,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8483
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3752
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1561
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 879
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11268
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2800
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25553,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11501
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14052
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29674,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2602
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11828
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2795
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 444
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12005
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27796,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14726
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13070
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 37300,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17524
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5133
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1243
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13400
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35394,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18908
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16486
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32718,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13840
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Jon Torres",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1138
},
{
"candidateName": "Roberto Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6604
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Gutierrez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 931
},
{
"candidateName": "Trevor Chandler",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9037
},
{
"candidateName": "Julian Bermudez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 600
},
{
"candidateName": "H. Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 568
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29397,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17542
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Jon Torres (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Roberto Hernandez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Gutierrez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Trevor Chandler",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11855
},
{
"candidateName": "Julian Bermudez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "H. Brown (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 11 First Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27901,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Oscar Flores",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2892
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8668
},
{
"candidateName": "Roger Marenco",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 603
},
{
"candidateName": "Jose Morales",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 628
},
{
"candidateName": "Ernest “EJ” Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5436
},
{
"candidateName": "Adlah Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1432
},
{
"candidateName": "Chyanne Chen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8242
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 11 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23784,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Oscar Flores (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11794
},
{
"candidateName": "Roger Marenco (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jose Morales (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ernest “EJ” Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Adlah Chisti (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Chyanne Chen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11990
}
]
},
"SFCityAttorney": {
"id": "SFCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "City Attorney ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 329051,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Chiu",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 272757
},
{
"candidateName": "Richard T. Woon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56294
}
]
},
"SFDistrictAttorney": {
"id": "SFDistrictAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "District Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 347243,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brooke Jenkins ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 228910
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Khojasteh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 118333
}
]
},
"SFSheriff": {
"id": "SFSheriff",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Sheriff ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 314749,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael Juan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 63736
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Miyamoto",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 251013
}
]
},
"SFTreasurer": {
"id": "SFTreasurer",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Treasurer ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:07 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 300298,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "José Cisneros",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 300298
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 36231,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Priya Hays",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10513
},
{
"candidateName": "Chelsea Bonini",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25718
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 41732,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maurice Goodman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14535
},
{
"candidateName": "Mike O’Neill",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27197
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 39689,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Patricia Love",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27924
},
{
"candidateName": "Ester Adut",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11765
}
]
},
"SMSanMateoCountyCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "SMSanMateoCountyCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "San Mateo County Community College District, Governing Board, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 63674,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Keith Holden",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20120
},
{
"candidateName": "Lisa A. Petrides",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 43554
}
]
},
"SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB": {
"id": "SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Cabrillo Unified School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area B",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2499,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Breanna Lafontaine",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1590
},
{
"candidateName": "Glenn Wilson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 909
}
]
},
"SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaD": {
"id": "SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Cabrillo Unified School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area D",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2579,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sophia Layne",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 841
},
{
"candidateName": "Peter Cerneka",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1738
}
]
},
"SMSouthSanFranciscoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaA": {
"id": "SMSouthSanFranciscoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "South San Francisco Unified School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area A",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5129,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Patricia “Pat” Murray",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4006
},
{
"candidateName": "Samuel M. Chetcuti",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1123
}
]
},
"SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB": {
"id": "SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Sequoia Union High School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area B",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22129,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Mary Beth Thompson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14114
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Torunian",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1962
},
{
"candidateName": "Jacob Yuryev",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6053
}
]
},
"SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaE": {
"id": "SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Sequoia Union High School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area E",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10416,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tonga Victoria Afuhaamango",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3099
},
{
"candidateName": "Maria E. Cruz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5517
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Bryant",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1800
}
]
},
"SMBrisbaneSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "SMBrisbaneSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Brisbane School District, Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5509,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Karen Lentz",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1800
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy E. Lacsamana",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1134
},
{
"candidateName": "Gaby Makstman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 515
},
{
"candidateName": "Krystal Alcaraz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 882
},
{
"candidateName": "Christine Oquendo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1178
}
]
},
"SMJeffersonElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "SMJeffersonElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Jefferson Elementary School District, Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34773,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nadia Flamenco",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12982
},
{
"candidateName": "Andrea Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11172
},
{
"candidateName": "Cheryll Catuar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10619
}
]
},
"SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardFullTerm": {
"id": "SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardFullTerm",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Las Lomitas Elementary School District, Governing Board — Full Term",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8165,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kimberly Legg",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2577
},
{
"candidateName": "Jason Morimoto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3595
},
{
"candidateName": "Pooya Sarabandi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1993
}
]
},
"SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardShortTerm": {
"id": "SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardShortTerm",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Las Lomitas Elementary School District, Governing Board — Short Term",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5285,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paige Winikoff",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3858
},
{
"candidateName": "Shauna Smith",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1427
}
]
},
"SMSanBrunoParkSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "SMSanBrunoParkSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "San Bruno Park School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3178,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kingsley Ma",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1859
},
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer M. Blanco",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1319
}
]
},
"SMWoodsideElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "SMWoodsideElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Woodside Elementary School District, Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2539,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherry Lin",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 926
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Murphy",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 892
},
{
"candidateName": "Zackary Simkover",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 721
}
]
},
"SMBoardofSupervisorsDistrict4": {
"id": "SMBoardofSupervisorsDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 46320,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Antonio Lopez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20033
},
{
"candidateName": "Lisa Gauthier",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26287
}
]
},
"SMBelmontMayor": {
"id": "SMBelmontMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Belmont Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10928,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Julia Mates",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10928
}
]
},
"SMBelmontCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "SMBelmontCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Belmont City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3288,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ken Loo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1398
},
{
"candidateName": "Cathy M. Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1890
}
]
},
"SMBelmontCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "SMBelmontCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Belmont City Council, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3198,
"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 14063,
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10888,
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"voteCount": 6941
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19088,
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7880,
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15728,
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1966,
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15492,
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 9858,
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},
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19581,
"candidates": [
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{
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},
"SMMeasureBB": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure BB",
"raceDescription": "Redwood City. Business license tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32022,
"candidates": [
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},
"SMMeasureQ": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "San Bruno. Infrastructure bond. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:35 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
"totalVotes": 17271,
"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 20, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:30 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:30 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "7:30 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:30 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "7:30 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Sonoma",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:14 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Mary Watts",
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]
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"id": "SonomaMarinCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Sonoma",
"raceName": "Marin County Board of Education, Trustee Area 7\r\n",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:14 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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{
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]
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"SonomaSonomaCountyJuniorCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea3RohnertParkArea": {
"id": "SonomaSonomaCountyJuniorCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea3RohnertParkArea",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Sonoma",
"raceName": "Sonoma County Junior College District, Trustee Area 3 (Rohnert Park Area)",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:14 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Andre L. Bailey",
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]
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Sonoma",
"raceName": "Healdsburg Unified School District Governing Board",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:14 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Rose McAllister",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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},
{
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},
{
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]
},
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"id": "SonomaShorelineUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Sonoma",
"raceName": "Shoreline Unified School District, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Sonoma and Marin Counties.",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:14 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Nov 19, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2227,
"candidates": [
{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Thomas Tyson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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]
},
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"id": "SonomaWindsorUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
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