The Chicana Civil Rights Activist Who Helped Transform San Jose Housing

If there are true melting pots thriving in the Bay Area today, at least some of them are within San Jose's city limits. The diversity index holds up the Edenvale neighborhood in the southeast part of the city as a prime example. Its demographics are 47 percent Latino, 31 percent Asian, 16 percent white, and 3 percent African American, earning it a score of 81.6 out of 100 on the diversity index. It's a far cry from the San Jose Sofía Mendoza knew while living there in the 1950s.

Between 1920 and 1945, renting or selling to the Latino community of San Jose was largely stigmatized. Most neighborhoods had pacts preventing it from happening, thereby purposely segregating the community onto the east side of the city. Public services were grossly neglected in these neighborhoods, leaving residents with poor street lighting, crumbling sidewalks, sub-par sewage systems, and little to no public transport.

"Before I moved to East San Jose," Mendoza once explained, "I heard that everybody that was bad lived in East San Jose. Everybody that was poor lived in East San Jose. The schools in East San Jose were no good. I never heard anything good about it. Never. When you drove around, without knowing it, just by appearance, what they were saying was true."

By the 1960s, the wretched living conditions had a galvanizing effect on some residents, including Mendoza. (It's worth noting that legendary labor leader César Chávez was also living in the part of town known as "Sal Si Puedes," which translates to “Get out if you can.”) A product of her environment and her parents—Mendoza's father had been a labor organizer since the 1930s—Sofía's first social justice battles were inspired once she had a family of her own.

Mother to two daughters and a son, Mendoza noticed that, like the rest of the Mexican American-dominated Eastside, some local schools were woefully underfunded and, even worse, run by openly racist faculties. Her son, who attended Roosevelt Junior High, was banned from speaking Spanish on campus; he and his friends were subjected to racial epithets by teachers; corporal punishment was commonplace; and he and his Mexican American classmates were denied reading materials. When she found out that children were being expelled and sent to juvenile detention for minor infractions, Mendoza sprang into action and started rallying other Latino parents.

When the families' complaints fell on deaf ears with Roosevelt Junior High's PTA, Mendoza organized a walkout and picket line, followed by a rally the following week. Surrounding communities and the school board were so horrified by what they heard about the treatment of the children that almost all of the school's teaching staff (the principal, vice principal, and 36 teachers) immediately lost their jobs.

With such quick, sweeping change, Mendoza began to understand her own organizational power and quickly turned her attention to law enforcement. In a later interview with Santa Clara University, she recalled: "I saw cops kicking down doors in the Eastside. I saw policemen stopping people for traffic infractions at gunpoint. I saw this with my own eyes, and nobody can say I didn't see it. I saw it because I was out in the streets a lot."

In protest, Mendoza and 2,000 allies marched to City Hall to draw attention to the police brutality. Unconvinced that action was being taken to tackle overzealous law enforcement quickly enough, she helped set up San Jose's Community Alert Patrol in 1968, alongside her neighbors, including members of the clergy and Tom Ferrito, who went on to become Mayor of Los Gatos in 1980. It was essentially a sort of Neighborhood Watch—only, instead of keeping an eye out for the activities of criminals, volunteers kept watch over the police instead.

“About 200 people were involved in it,” activist Fred Hirsch explained in a 2015 talk. “We put out three or four cars each weekend night and holiday occasions. We’d have three people in the car. We did our best to get complete diversity among the people in terms of ethnicity… We also monitored community events, and we were not at all immune to the actions of the police department.”

Mendoza's scrutiny of law enforcement continued for the rest of her life. Here she is, in 2009, acting as a member of the Independent Police Auditor Advisory Committee—an organization that came into being, in part, because of her campaigning.

By the 1970s, Mendoza had become a much-beloved force in her community. She battled San Jose's Redevelopment Agency when her neighbors were suffering mass evictions. She was active in assisting Chilean refugees settle in the city, as they escaped the military coup of Augusto Pinochet. She was active in getting East San Jose its first health clinics. She led the Mexican American community in fighting for voting rights. Like her neighbor César Chávez, and her father before her, she also became involved in farmworker unionization.

Above all else, Mendoza's entire life was spent in service to the community. She founded United People Arriba, an organization that helped unify and galvanize activists in their own communities. Later in her life, she served as a social worker, a member of the board of directors at the Community Child Care Council, and a community organizer for the Family Service Association of Santa Clara County.

Throughout it all, Mendoza retained an impressive sense of humility. After her death in 2015, at the age of 80, Nannette Regua, a history teacher she had mentored, said of Mendoza: “She never said, ‘I did this.' She never said, ‘I led these community organizers.’ It was always, ‘We.'”

For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click here.