Stanford math education professor Jo Boaler spends a lot of time worrying about how math education in the United States traumatizes kids. Recently, a colleague’s 7-year-old came home from school and announced he didn’t like math anymore. His mom asked why and he said, “math is too much answering and not enough learning.”
This story demonstrates how clearly kids understand that unlike their other courses, math is a performative subject, where their job is to come up with answers quickly. Boaler says that if this approach doesn’t change, the U.S. will always have weak math education.
“There’s a widespread myth that some people are math people and some people are not,” Boaler told a group of parents and educators gathered at the 2015 Innovative Learning Conference. “But it turns out there’s no such thing as a math brain.” Unfortunately, many parents, teachers and students believe this myth and it holds them up every day in their math learning.
“We live in a society with lots of kids who don’t believe they are good at math,” Boaler said at an Education Writers Association conference. “They’re put into low groups; they’re given low-level work and their pathway has been set.” But math education doesn’t have to look like this.
Neuroscience research is now showing a strong connection between the attitudes and beliefs students hold about themselves and their academic performance. That’s a departure from the long-held traditional view that academic success is based only on the quality of the teacher and curriculum. But researchers like Carol Dweck, Camille Farrington and David Yeager have shown repeatedly that small interventions to change attitudes about learning can have an outsized effect on performance.
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Neuroscientists now know that the brain has the ability to grow and shrink. This was demonstrated in a study of taxi drivers in London who must memorize all the streets and landmarks in downtown London to earn a license. On average it takes people 12 tries to pass the test. Researchers found that the hippocampus of drivers studying for the test grew tremendously. But when those drivers retired, the brain shrank. Before this, no one knew the brain could grow and shrink like that.
“We now know that when you make a mistake in math, your brain grows,” Boaler said. Neuroscientists did MRI scans of students taking math tests and saw that when a student made a mistake a synapse fired, even if the student wasn’t aware of the mistake. “Your brain grows when you make a mistake, even if you’re not aware of it, because it’s a time when your brain is struggling,” Boaler said. “It’s the most important time for our brains.”
A second synapse fires if the student recognizes his mistake. If that thought is revisited, the initial synapse firing can become a brain pathway, which is good for learning. If the thought isn’t revisited, that synapse will wash away.
A recent study of students with math learning disabilities found in a scan that their brains did behave differently from kids without the disability. “What they saw was the brain lighting up in lots of different areas while working on math,” Boaler said. The children were recruiting parts of the brain not normally involved in math reasoning.
The researchers tutored the group of students with math disabilities for eight weeks using the methods Boaler recommends like visualizing math, discussing problems and writing about math. At the end of the eight weeks, they scanned their brains again and found that the brains of the test group looked just like the kids who did not have math disabilities. This study shows that all kids can learn math when taught effectively. Boaler estimates that only 2 to 3 percent of people have such significant learning disabilities that they can’t learn math at the highest levels.
People who learned math the traditional way often push back against visual representations of math. That kind of thinking represents a deep misunderstanding of how the brain works. “When you think visually about anything, different brain pathways light up than when we think numerically,” Boaler said. The more brain pathways a student engages on the same problem, the stronger the learning.
GROWTH MINDSET AND MATH
Increasingly, educators are buying into the compelling research showing that what students believe about themselves affects how their brains approach learning. Growth mindset is probably the best known aspect of this research, and many school leaders are trying to figure out how to implement growth mindset programs in their classrooms.
“More kids have a fixed mindset about math than anything else,” Boaler said. And it’s no coincidence that they feel this way. Teachers often believe their students can’t achieve at the highest levels, and in turn, students believe that about themselves. Plus, the tasks themselves communicate a fixed mindset.
“It is very difficult to have a growth mindset and to believe that you can grow or learn if you are constantly given short, closed questions with a right or wrong answer,” Boaler said. Instead, she recommends giving visual problems that provoke discussion and have multiple ways they could be solved.
She also says kids should not be grouped by ability or tracked into “advanced” or “remedial” groups. That common practice sends fixed mindset messages to students, both the “advanced” ones and the “low-performing” ones. Kids considered to be “gifted” suffer from ability grouping the most because they develop the ultimate fixed mindset. They become terrified that if they struggle they’ll no longer be considered smart.
Instead, mixed ability grouping can work if the tasks are open-ended and what Boaler calls “low-floor/high-ceiling” tasks that allow every student to participate, while allowing lots of space within the task for students to grow in their thinking.
Boaler has lots of example tasks on her website, YouCubed, and on the NRICH website.
PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE
During the summer of 2015, Boaler invited 81 seventh- and eighth-graders from a low-income district near Stanford to come to a summer math camp focused on algebra concepts. She gave the students a pre-test and found that their abilities ranged from very low (getting 0 answers correct) to fairly high. Then, for 18 days she taught them math well.
The instructional program focused on mindset messages, was full of inquiry-based, low-floor/high-ceiling tasks, was visual and used mixed achievement groups. At the end of 18 days, when Boaler gave them another test they had improved on average by 50 percent.
“They improved because they changed their beliefs that they were not a math person to believing they were a math person,” Boaler said. After the course, students said they looked forward to math and saw math as a creative subject.
Administrators from the district came to observe partway through the camp and couldn’t tell who was a low achiever and who was a high achiever in the class. Boaler also makes it clear to the students in the workshop what she expects from them, and speed is not something she’s evaluating. Instead, they do norm building so that everyone knows how to appropriately work in groups, help one another and be supportive.
“If we don’t pay attention to those kinds of interactions, and kids are dominating, or thinking they’re smarter, then we’re really in trouble,” Boaler said.
Removing the time pressure from math is another important issue for Boaler. Neuroscience research out of Sian Beilock’s lab at the University of Chicago has shown that time pressure often blocks the brain’s working memory from functioning. This is particularly bad for kids with test anxiety.
“The irony of this is mathematicians are not fast with numbers,” Boaler said. “We value speed in math classrooms, but I’ve talked with lots of mathematicians who say they’re not fast at all." But it is common for math teachers to call on the kids who get the answer quickly, reinforcing the idea for all students that rapidity is what matters.
COMMON PUSHBACK
Math education experts have been making the same case as Boaler for decades, and yet math education in the U.S. has not shifted much. Teachers often say they have to cover all the topics in the curriculum to prepare students for the tests they will be expected to pass, leaving them with no time for the kinds of open-ended, discussion-based math that Boaler advocates.
Boaler agrees with teachers that there is way too much to cover in the curriculum, especially because she finds much of it to be obsolete (don't get her started on the textbooks themselves). “The most important thing we can give kids is to think quantitatively about the world and apply a mathematical lens to different situations,” she said.
In addition to teaching students, Boaler trains teachers in her methods. Often they go back to their classrooms and apply these theories, which means they aren’t covering every topic in the textbook, and yet their students do better on the standardized tests anyway. Boaler is not a fan of all the tests American students must take, but she says teaching math the right way deepens kids' understanding of math in real ways that show up on tests, too.
Teachers and parents often push back against this kind of math. They wonder where memorization of math facts fits into the model, given the belief that kids must know their times tables to succeed in higher-level math. Boaler says that's unnecessary. She is a math education teacher and has risen to high levels of math learning without ever learning her math facts. She has number fluency, knows how to manipulate numbers and understands concepts, but she doesn’t have her math facts memorized.
The Programme for International Student Assessment test (PISA), which is often used to compare achievement across countries, has a section about attitudes and beliefs. Those surveys show that kids who approach math as memorization are the lowest achievers in the world. “America has more memorizers than almost any country in the world,” Boaler said. The highest achievers are those who think about the big ideas and make connections.
Likewise, repetition of math tasks is not helpful to deep learning. The same kind of problem with different numbers does not improve understanding, Boaler said. What students really need is “productive practice,” approaching the problem from different directions, applying the ideas and explaining reasoning.
Boaler is on a mission to “revolutionize” how math is taught in the U.S. She has written several books to help teachers learn to teach with her methods, offers a free online course, and even gives away curriculum for teachers, students and parents on her YouCubed website. During one week at the start of the 2015 school year Boaler gave away five free math lessons, encouraging teachers to try this approach. She’s pleased that 100,000 schools tried the lessons, and teachers could see the difference in their students. A survey of students found that after the lessons and the growth mindset videos, 96 percent believed they should keep trying after making a mistake in math.
Boaler said a big problem is that math teachers themselves are math-traumatized. They came through a system very similar to the one in which they work. Elementary school teachers in particular often feel insecure about math.
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“When they try math in these ways they get it, too,” Boaler said. “They can see this is much more valuable and enriching.”
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Gerald Streiter","credit":"Flickr/Gerald Streiter","status":"inherit","fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"katrinaschwartz":{"type":"authors","id":"234","meta":{"index":"authors_1716337520","id":"234","found":true},"name":"Katrina Schwartz","firstName":"Katrina","lastName":"Schwartz","slug":"katrinaschwartz","email":"kschwartz@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"Producer","bio":"Katrina Schwartz is a journalist based in San Francisco. She's worked at KPCC public radio in LA and has reported on air and online for KQED since 2010. She covered how teaching and learning is changing for MindShift between 2012 and 2020. She is the co-host of the MindShift podcast and now produces KQED's Bay Curious podcast.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6a567574dafefa959593925eead665c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"kschwart","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"mindshift","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katrina Schwartz | KQED","description":"Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6a567574dafefa959593925eead665c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6a567574dafefa959593925eead665c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katrinaschwartz"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"mindshift_42825":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_42825","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"mindshift","id":"42825","found":true},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1448874470,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"‘Not a Math Person’: How to Remove Obstacles to Learning Math","title":"‘Not a Math Person’: How to Remove Obstacles to Learning Math","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>Stanford math education professor \u003ca href=\"https://ed.stanford.edu/faculty/joboaler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jo Boaler \u003c/a>spends a lot of time worrying about how math education in the United States traumatizes kids. Recently, a colleague’s 7-year-old came home from school and announced he didn’t like math anymore. His mom asked why and he said, “math is too much answering and not enough learning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story demonstrates how clearly kids understand that unlike their other courses, math is a performative subject, where their job is to come up with answers quickly. Boaler says that if this approach doesn’t change, the U.S. will always have weak math education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a widespread myth that some people are math people and some people are not,” Boaler told a group of parents and educators gathered at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.innovativelearningconference.org/ehome/index.php?eventid=107259&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 Innovative Learning Conference\u003c/a>. “But it turns out there’s no such thing as a math brain.” Unfortunately, many parents, teachers and students believe this myth and it holds them up every day in their math learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s no such thing as a math brain.'\u003ccite>Jo Boaler, Stanford professor of math education\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We live in a society with lots of kids who don’t believe they are good at math,” Boaler said at an Education Writers Association conference. “They’re put into low groups; they’re given low-level work and their pathway has been set.” But math education doesn’t have to look like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscience research is now showing a strong connection between the attitudes and beliefs students hold about themselves and their academic performance. That’s a departure from the long-held traditional view that academic success is based only on the quality of the teacher and curriculum. But researchers like\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/07/16/new-research-students-benefit-from-learning-that-intelligence-is-not-fixed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Carol Dweck\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/documents/Academic_Mindsets_as_a_Critical_Component_of_Deeper_Learning_CAMILLE_FARRINGTON_April_20_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camille Farrington\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.utexas.edu/cola/prc/directory/faculty/profile.php?id=yeagerds\">David Yeager\u003c/a> have shown repeatedly that small interventions to change attitudes about learning can have an outsized effect on performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists now know that the brain has the ability to grow and shrink. This was demonstrated in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/london-taxi-memory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study of taxi drivers in London\u003c/a> who must memorize all the streets and landmarks in downtown London to earn a license. On average it takes people 12 tries to pass the test. Researchers found that the hippocampus of drivers studying for the test grew tremendously. But when those drivers retired, the brain shrank. Before this, no one knew the brain could grow and shrink like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//assets.nationalgeographic.com/modules-video/assets/ngsEmbeddedVideo.html?guid=add25b17-713c-4e97-ad23-01918ae7eb0e\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" frameborder=\"0\" seamless=\"seamless\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now know that when you make a mistake in math, your brain grows,” Boaler said. Neuroscientists did MRI scans of students taking math tests and saw that when a student made a mistake a synapse fired, even if the student wasn’t aware of the mistake. “Your brain grows when you make a mistake, even if you’re not aware of it, because it’s a time when your brain is struggling,” Boaler said. “It’s the most important time for our brains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second synapse fires if the student recognizes his mistake. If that thought is revisited, the initial synapse firing can become a brain pathway, which is good for learning. If the thought isn’t revisited, that synapse will wash away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150930/ncomms9453/abs/ncomms9453.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study of students with math learning disabilities\u003c/a> found in a scan that their brains did behave differently from kids without the disability. “What they saw was the brain lighting up in lots of different areas while working on math,” Boaler said. The children were recruiting parts of the brain not normally involved in math reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tutored the group of students with math disabilities for eight weeks using the methods Boaler recommends like \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/visual-math-improves-math-performance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visualizing math\u003c/a>, discussing problems and writing about math. At the end of the eight weeks, they scanned their brains again and found that the brains of the test group looked just like the kids who did not have math disabilities. This study shows that all kids can learn math when taught effectively. Boaler estimates that only 2 to 3 percent of people have such significant learning disabilities that they can’t learn math at the highest levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who learned math the traditional way often push back against visual representations of math. That kind of thinking represents a deep misunderstanding of \u003ca href=\"http://brannonlab.org.s84504.gridserver.com/wp-content/uploads/Park-Brannon-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how the brain works\u003c/a>. “When you think visually about anything, different brain pathways light up than when we think numerically,” Boaler said. The more brain pathways a student engages on the same problem, the stronger the learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42829\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 923px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/visual-math-improves-math-performance/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-42829 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM.png\" alt=\"An example of many ways to visually represent 18 x 5. \" width=\"923\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM.png 923w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM-400x117.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM-800x235.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of many ways to visually represent 18 x 5. \u003ccite>(Jo Boaler/YouCubed)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GROWTH MINDSET AND MATH\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, educators are buying into the compelling research showing that what students believe about themselves \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/believe-brain-operates-differently/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affects how their brains approach learning\u003c/a>. Growth mindset is probably the best known aspect of this research, and many school leaders are trying to figure out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/08/24/growth-mindset-how-to-normalize-mistake-making-and-struggle-in-class/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how to implement growth mindset\u003c/a> programs in their classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More kids have a fixed mindset about math than anything else,” Boaler said. And it’s no coincidence that they feel this way. Teachers often believe their students can’t achieve at the highest levels, and in turn, students believe that about themselves. Plus, the tasks themselves communicate a fixed mindset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very difficult to have a growth mindset and to believe that you can grow or learn if you are constantly given short, closed questions with a right or wrong answer,” Boaler said. Instead, she recommends giving visual problems that provoke discussion and have multiple ways they could be solved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also says kids should not be grouped by ability or tracked into “advanced” or “remedial” groups. That common practice sends fixed mindset messages to students, both the “advanced” ones and the “low-performing” ones. Kids considered to be “gifted” suffer from ability grouping the most because they develop the ultimate fixed mindset. They become terrified that if they struggle they’ll no longer be considered smart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, mixed ability grouping can work if the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/tasks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tasks are open-ended\u003c/a> and what Boaler calls “low-floor/high-ceiling” tasks that allow every student to participate, while allowing lots of space within the task for students to grow in their thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaler has lots of example tasks on her website, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouCubed\u003c/a>, and on the \u003ca href=\"http://nrich.maths.org/frontpage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NRICH website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the summer of 2015, Boaler invited 81 seventh- and eighth-graders from a low-income district near Stanford to come to a summer math camp focused on algebra concepts. She gave the students a pre-test and found that their abilities ranged from very low (getting 0 answers correct) to fairly high. Then, for 18 days she taught them math well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDTUb6UWZYs&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instructional program focused on mindset messages, was full of inquiry-based, low-floor/high-ceiling tasks, was visual and used mixed achievement groups. At the end of 18 days, when Boaler gave them another test they had improved on average by 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They improved because they changed their beliefs that they were not a math person to believing they were a math person,” Boaler said. After the course, students said they looked forward to math and saw math as a creative subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Administrators from the district came to observe partway through the camp and couldn’t tell who was a low achiever and who was a high achiever in the class. Boaler also makes it clear to the students in the workshop what she expects from them, and speed is not something she’s evaluating. Instead, they do norm building so that everyone knows how to appropriately work in groups, help one another and be supportive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/118763045\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t pay attention to those kinds of interactions, and kids are dominating, or thinking they’re smarter, then we’re really in trouble,” Boaler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the time pressure from math is another important issue for Boaler. Neuroscience research out of \u003ca href=\"https://hpl.uchicago.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sian Beilock’s lab\u003c/a> at the University of Chicago has shown that time pressure often \u003ca href=\"https://hpl.uchicago.edu/sites/hpl.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Ramirez%20et%20al%2C%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blocks the brain’s working memory\u003c/a> from functioning. This is particularly bad for kids with test anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The irony of this is mathematicians are not fast with numbers,” Boaler said. “We value speed in math classrooms, but I’ve talked with lots of mathematicians who say they’re not fast at all.\" But it is common for math teachers to call on the kids who get the answer quickly, reinforcing the idea for all students that rapidity is what matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>COMMON PUSHBACK\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Math education experts have been making the same case as Boaler for decades, and yet math education in the U.S. has not shifted much. Teachers often say they have to cover all the topics in the curriculum to prepare students for the tests they will be expected to pass, leaving them with no time for the kinds of open-ended, discussion-based math that Boaler advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is very difficult to have a growth mindset and to believe that you can grow or learn if you are constantly given short, closed questions with a right or wrong answer.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Boaler agrees with teachers that there is way too much to cover in the curriculum, especially because she finds much of it to be obsolete (don't get her started on the textbooks themselves). “The most important thing we can give kids is to think quantitatively about the world and apply a mathematical lens to different situations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to teaching students, Boaler \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/online-teacher-courses/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trains teachers\u003c/a> in her methods. Often they go back to their classrooms and apply these theories, which means they aren’t covering every topic in the textbook, and yet their students do better on the standardized tests anyway. Boaler is not a fan of all the tests American students must take, but she says teaching math the right way deepens kids' understanding of math in real ways that show up on tests, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers and parents often push back against this kind of math. They wonder where memorization of math facts fits into the model, given the belief that kids must know their times tables to succeed in higher-level math. Boaler says that's unnecessary. She is a math education teacher and has risen to high levels of math learning without ever learning her math facts. She has number fluency, knows how to manipulate numbers and understands concepts, but she doesn’t have her math facts memorized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Programme for International Student Assessment test (PISA), which is often used to compare achievement across countries, has a section about \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attitudes and beliefs\u003c/a>. Those surveys show that kids who approach \u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/memorizers-are-the-lowest-achievers-and-other-common-core-math-surprises/\">math as memorization\u003c/a> are the lowest achievers in the world. “America has more memorizers than almost any country in the world,” Boaler said. The highest achievers are those who think about the big ideas and make connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, repetition of math tasks is not helpful to deep learning. The same kind of problem with different numbers does not improve understanding, Boaler said. What students really need is “productive practice,” approaching the problem from different directions, applying the ideas and explaining reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaler is on a mission to “revolutionize” how math is taught in the U.S. She has written several books to help teachers learn to teach with her methods, offers a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/how-to-learn-math-for-students/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free online course\u003c/a>, and even gives away curriculum for teachers, students and parents on her YouCubed website. During one week at the start of the 2015 school year Boaler gave away \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/week-of-inspirational-math/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five free math lessons\u003c/a>, encouraging teachers to try this approach. She’s pleased that 100,000 schools tried the lessons, and teachers could see the difference in their students. A survey of students found that after the lessons and the growth mindset videos, 96 percent believed they should keep trying after making a mistake in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaler said a big problem is that math teachers themselves are math-traumatized. They came through a system very similar to the one in which they work. Elementary school teachers in particular often feel insecure about math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they try math in these ways they get it, too,” Boaler said. “They can see this is much more valuable and enriching.”\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"42825 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=42825","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/11/30/not-a-math-person-how-to-remove-obstacles-to-learning-math/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":2111,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["//assets.nationalgeographic.com/modules-video/assets/ngsEmbeddedVideo.html","https://player.vimeo.com/video/118763045"],"paragraphCount":41},"modified":1563214775,"excerpt":"Negative experiences such as timed tests, tracking and personal attitudes have hurt how some people feel about math. Stanford professor Jo Boaler wants to change all of that.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Negative experiences such as timed tests, tracking and personal attitudes have hurt how some people feel about math. Stanford professor Jo Boaler wants to change all of that.","title":"‘Not a Math Person’: How to Remove Obstacles to Learning Math | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"‘Not a Math Person’: How to Remove Obstacles to Learning Math","datePublished":"2015-11-30T01:07:50-08:00","dateModified":"2019-07-15T11:19:35-07:00","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Numbers-Gerald-Streiter-1440x884.jpg","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Katrina Schwartz","jobTitle":"Producer","url":"https://www.kqed.org/author/katrinaschwartz"}},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"234","meta":{"index":"authors_1716337520","id":"234","found":true},"name":"Katrina Schwartz","firstName":"Katrina","lastName":"Schwartz","slug":"katrinaschwartz","email":"kschwartz@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"Producer","bio":"Katrina Schwartz is a journalist based in San Francisco. She's worked at KPCC public radio in LA and has reported on air and online for KQED since 2010. She covered how teaching and learning is changing for MindShift between 2012 and 2020. She is the co-host of the MindShift podcast and now produces KQED's Bay Curious podcast.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6a567574dafefa959593925eead665c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"kschwart","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"mindshift","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katrina Schwartz | KQED","description":"Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6a567574dafefa959593925eead665c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a6a567574dafefa959593925eead665c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katrinaschwartz"}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Numbers-Gerald-Streiter-1440x884.jpg","width":1440,"mimeType":"image/jpeg","height":884},"ogImageWidth":"1440","ogImageHeight":"884","twitterImageUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Numbers-Gerald-Streiter-1440x884.jpg","twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Numbers-Gerald-Streiter-1440x884.jpg","width":1440,"mimeType":"image/jpeg","height":884},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["featured","full-image","growth mindset","inquiry learning","Jo Boaler","math","math anxiety"]}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"not-a-math-person-how-to-remove-obstacles-to-learning-math","status":"publish","path":"/mindshift/42825/not-a-math-person-how-to-remove-obstacles-to-learning-math","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stanford math education professor \u003ca href=\"https://ed.stanford.edu/faculty/joboaler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jo Boaler \u003c/a>spends a lot of time worrying about how math education in the United States traumatizes kids. Recently, a colleague’s 7-year-old came home from school and announced he didn’t like math anymore. His mom asked why and he said, “math is too much answering and not enough learning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story demonstrates how clearly kids understand that unlike their other courses, math is a performative subject, where their job is to come up with answers quickly. Boaler says that if this approach doesn’t change, the U.S. will always have weak math education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a widespread myth that some people are math people and some people are not,” Boaler told a group of parents and educators gathered at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.innovativelearningconference.org/ehome/index.php?eventid=107259&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 Innovative Learning Conference\u003c/a>. “But it turns out there’s no such thing as a math brain.” Unfortunately, many parents, teachers and students believe this myth and it holds them up every day in their math learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s no such thing as a math brain.'\u003ccite>Jo Boaler, Stanford professor of math education\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We live in a society with lots of kids who don’t believe they are good at math,” Boaler said at an Education Writers Association conference. “They’re put into low groups; they’re given low-level work and their pathway has been set.” But math education doesn’t have to look like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscience research is now showing a strong connection between the attitudes and beliefs students hold about themselves and their academic performance. That’s a departure from the long-held traditional view that academic success is based only on the quality of the teacher and curriculum. But researchers like\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/07/16/new-research-students-benefit-from-learning-that-intelligence-is-not-fixed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Carol Dweck\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/documents/Academic_Mindsets_as_a_Critical_Component_of_Deeper_Learning_CAMILLE_FARRINGTON_April_20_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camille Farrington\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.utexas.edu/cola/prc/directory/faculty/profile.php?id=yeagerds\">David Yeager\u003c/a> have shown repeatedly that small interventions to change attitudes about learning can have an outsized effect on performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists now know that the brain has the ability to grow and shrink. This was demonstrated in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/london-taxi-memory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study of taxi drivers in London\u003c/a> who must memorize all the streets and landmarks in downtown London to earn a license. On average it takes people 12 tries to pass the test. Researchers found that the hippocampus of drivers studying for the test grew tremendously. But when those drivers retired, the brain shrank. Before this, no one knew the brain could grow and shrink like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//assets.nationalgeographic.com/modules-video/assets/ngsEmbeddedVideo.html?guid=add25b17-713c-4e97-ad23-01918ae7eb0e\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" frameborder=\"0\" seamless=\"seamless\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now know that when you make a mistake in math, your brain grows,” Boaler said. Neuroscientists did MRI scans of students taking math tests and saw that when a student made a mistake a synapse fired, even if the student wasn’t aware of the mistake. “Your brain grows when you make a mistake, even if you’re not aware of it, because it’s a time when your brain is struggling,” Boaler said. “It’s the most important time for our brains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second synapse fires if the student recognizes his mistake. If that thought is revisited, the initial synapse firing can become a brain pathway, which is good for learning. If the thought isn’t revisited, that synapse will wash away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150930/ncomms9453/abs/ncomms9453.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study of students with math learning disabilities\u003c/a> found in a scan that their brains did behave differently from kids without the disability. “What they saw was the brain lighting up in lots of different areas while working on math,” Boaler said. The children were recruiting parts of the brain not normally involved in math reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tutored the group of students with math disabilities for eight weeks using the methods Boaler recommends like \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/visual-math-improves-math-performance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visualizing math\u003c/a>, discussing problems and writing about math. At the end of the eight weeks, they scanned their brains again and found that the brains of the test group looked just like the kids who did not have math disabilities. This study shows that all kids can learn math when taught effectively. Boaler estimates that only 2 to 3 percent of people have such significant learning disabilities that they can’t learn math at the highest levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who learned math the traditional way often push back against visual representations of math. That kind of thinking represents a deep misunderstanding of \u003ca href=\"http://brannonlab.org.s84504.gridserver.com/wp-content/uploads/Park-Brannon-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how the brain works\u003c/a>. “When you think visually about anything, different brain pathways light up than when we think numerically,” Boaler said. The more brain pathways a student engages on the same problem, the stronger the learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42829\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 923px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/visual-math-improves-math-performance/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-42829 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM.png\" alt=\"An example of many ways to visually represent 18 x 5. \" width=\"923\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM.png 923w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM-400x117.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Screen-shot-2015-11-18-at-2.46.29-PM-800x235.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of many ways to visually represent 18 x 5. \u003ccite>(Jo Boaler/YouCubed)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GROWTH MINDSET AND MATH\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, educators are buying into the compelling research showing that what students believe about themselves \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/believe-brain-operates-differently/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affects how their brains approach learning\u003c/a>. Growth mindset is probably the best known aspect of this research, and many school leaders are trying to figure out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/08/24/growth-mindset-how-to-normalize-mistake-making-and-struggle-in-class/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how to implement growth mindset\u003c/a> programs in their classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More kids have a fixed mindset about math than anything else,” Boaler said. And it’s no coincidence that they feel this way. Teachers often believe their students can’t achieve at the highest levels, and in turn, students believe that about themselves. Plus, the tasks themselves communicate a fixed mindset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very difficult to have a growth mindset and to believe that you can grow or learn if you are constantly given short, closed questions with a right or wrong answer,” Boaler said. Instead, she recommends giving visual problems that provoke discussion and have multiple ways they could be solved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also says kids should not be grouped by ability or tracked into “advanced” or “remedial” groups. That common practice sends fixed mindset messages to students, both the “advanced” ones and the “low-performing” ones. Kids considered to be “gifted” suffer from ability grouping the most because they develop the ultimate fixed mindset. They become terrified that if they struggle they’ll no longer be considered smart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, mixed ability grouping can work if the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/tasks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tasks are open-ended\u003c/a> and what Boaler calls “low-floor/high-ceiling” tasks that allow every student to participate, while allowing lots of space within the task for students to grow in their thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaler has lots of example tasks on her website, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouCubed\u003c/a>, and on the \u003ca href=\"http://nrich.maths.org/frontpage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NRICH website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the summer of 2015, Boaler invited 81 seventh- and eighth-graders from a low-income district near Stanford to come to a summer math camp focused on algebra concepts. She gave the students a pre-test and found that their abilities ranged from very low (getting 0 answers correct) to fairly high. Then, for 18 days she taught them math well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aDTUb6UWZYs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aDTUb6UWZYs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instructional program focused on mindset messages, was full of inquiry-based, low-floor/high-ceiling tasks, was visual and used mixed achievement groups. At the end of 18 days, when Boaler gave them another test they had improved on average by 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They improved because they changed their beliefs that they were not a math person to believing they were a math person,” Boaler said. After the course, students said they looked forward to math and saw math as a creative subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Administrators from the district came to observe partway through the camp and couldn’t tell who was a low achiever and who was a high achiever in the class. Boaler also makes it clear to the students in the workshop what she expects from them, and speed is not something she’s evaluating. Instead, they do norm building so that everyone knows how to appropriately work in groups, help one another and be supportive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/118763045\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t pay attention to those kinds of interactions, and kids are dominating, or thinking they’re smarter, then we’re really in trouble,” Boaler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the time pressure from math is another important issue for Boaler. Neuroscience research out of \u003ca href=\"https://hpl.uchicago.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sian Beilock’s lab\u003c/a> at the University of Chicago has shown that time pressure often \u003ca href=\"https://hpl.uchicago.edu/sites/hpl.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Ramirez%20et%20al%2C%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blocks the brain’s working memory\u003c/a> from functioning. This is particularly bad for kids with test anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The irony of this is mathematicians are not fast with numbers,” Boaler said. “We value speed in math classrooms, but I’ve talked with lots of mathematicians who say they’re not fast at all.\" But it is common for math teachers to call on the kids who get the answer quickly, reinforcing the idea for all students that rapidity is what matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>COMMON PUSHBACK\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Math education experts have been making the same case as Boaler for decades, and yet math education in the U.S. has not shifted much. Teachers often say they have to cover all the topics in the curriculum to prepare students for the tests they will be expected to pass, leaving them with no time for the kinds of open-ended, discussion-based math that Boaler advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is very difficult to have a growth mindset and to believe that you can grow or learn if you are constantly given short, closed questions with a right or wrong answer.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Boaler agrees with teachers that there is way too much to cover in the curriculum, especially because she finds much of it to be obsolete (don't get her started on the textbooks themselves). “The most important thing we can give kids is to think quantitatively about the world and apply a mathematical lens to different situations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to teaching students, Boaler \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/online-teacher-courses/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trains teachers\u003c/a> in her methods. Often they go back to their classrooms and apply these theories, which means they aren’t covering every topic in the textbook, and yet their students do better on the standardized tests anyway. Boaler is not a fan of all the tests American students must take, but she says teaching math the right way deepens kids' understanding of math in real ways that show up on tests, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers and parents often push back against this kind of math. They wonder where memorization of math facts fits into the model, given the belief that kids must know their times tables to succeed in higher-level math. Boaler says that's unnecessary. She is a math education teacher and has risen to high levels of math learning without ever learning her math facts. She has number fluency, knows how to manipulate numbers and understands concepts, but she doesn’t have her math facts memorized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Programme for International Student Assessment test (PISA), which is often used to compare achievement across countries, has a section about \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attitudes and beliefs\u003c/a>. Those surveys show that kids who approach \u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/memorizers-are-the-lowest-achievers-and-other-common-core-math-surprises/\">math as memorization\u003c/a> are the lowest achievers in the world. “America has more memorizers than almost any country in the world,” Boaler said. The highest achievers are those who think about the big ideas and make connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, repetition of math tasks is not helpful to deep learning. The same kind of problem with different numbers does not improve understanding, Boaler said. What students really need is “productive practice,” approaching the problem from different directions, applying the ideas and explaining reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaler is on a mission to “revolutionize” how math is taught in the U.S. She has written several books to help teachers learn to teach with her methods, offers a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/how-to-learn-math-for-students/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free online course\u003c/a>, and even gives away curriculum for teachers, students and parents on her YouCubed website. During one week at the start of the 2015 school year Boaler gave away \u003ca href=\"https://www.youcubed.org/week-of-inspirational-math/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five free math lessons\u003c/a>, encouraging teachers to try this approach. She’s pleased that 100,000 schools tried the lessons, and teachers could see the difference in their students. A survey of students found that after the lessons and the growth mindset videos, 96 percent believed they should keep trying after making a mistake in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaler said a big problem is that math teachers themselves are math-traumatized. They came through a system very similar to the one in which they work. Elementary school teachers in particular often feel insecure about math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they try math in these ways they get it, too,” Boaler said. “They can see this is much more valuable and enriching.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/42825/not-a-math-person-how-to-remove-obstacles-to-learning-math","authors":["234"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20512","mindshift_797","mindshift_20943","mindshift_392","mindshift_20893"],"featImg":"mindshift_42928","label":"mindshift","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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