Aerial views of the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet in 2005, when there were more than 70 ships anchored there, including the legendary WWII battleship Iowa, now a floating museum in Los Angeles. (Craig Miller)
UPDATED on Nov. 21, 2017
If you’ve driven on I-680, across the Benicia–Martinez Bridge, you’ve probably seen them.
Clusters of old military ships are anchored side by side in Suisun Bay. Most of them are decades old. Their gray hulls are spotted with rust. Much of their paint has faded, or flaked away. Their decks are eerily deserted — no modern equipment, no sailors. They look abandoned, and on a foggy day, maybe even haunted.
Most people call this the Ghost Fleet, or Mothball Fleet — but its official name is the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet.
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Bay Curious listener Steve Yeager has been wondering about the fleet since he was a kid. He still passes the ships on his weekly commute.
“Why are they there? And what is it doing to the environment?” he wants to know.
The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet in 2005, when there were more than 70 ships anchored there, including the legendary WWII battleship Iowa (foreground), now a floating museum in San Pedro. (Craig Miller)
A Wartime Surplus
The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet is a place for the Navy, Coast Guard and Merchant Marine to park ships that are taken out of service, but might one day be needed again — kind of like putting those sweaters into the cedar chest every spring. Hence the name “Mothball Fleet.”
Suisun Bay was first used for this purpose in 1946. World War II had just ended and the Navy had a huge surplus of vessels. Benicia was one of eight places around the country where rows of mothballed ships were anchored. At its peak, Suisun Bay had 340 ships lined up in neat rows. It was a forest of steel and wires.
A view of the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet in 1962. At its peak, the “ghost fleet” had 340 vessels at anchor. Ten remain, including the barge used as the fleet’s offices and maintenance base. (MARAD)
Joe Pecoraro has been managing the Mothball Fleet for nearly 30 years.
“We had just about every kind of Navy ship here except for an aircraft carrier,” Pecoraro says. “We had guided-missile cruisers, frigates. We had a battleship for 10 years.”
The WWII battleship Iowa was a favorite of Pecoraro’s, before it was renovated into a floating museum and moved down to Los Angeles.
Joe Pecoraro manages the reserve fleet. He’s been tending the ships since 1991. (Craig Miller/KQED)
Not all ships have such a glamorous afterlife as the Iowa. Many of them once anchored there were beyond redemption, and were stripped of their parts. Few were ever put back into action.
“My dad used to call it Joe’s rusty navy,” says Pecoraro. “We had a lotta rust.”
A 2009 study found that 20 tons of contaminants had drained or sloughed off of vessels in the “mothball fleet” anchored in Suisun Bay. Measures have since been put in place to protect the bay. (Craig Miller)
Environmental Concerns Surface
Some ships in the fleet fell into such disrepair that environmentalists took notice.
“You could hear the crunch of the paint chips or the metal under your feet as you were walking across the decks of the ships,” says Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of San Francisco Baykeeper. “That was just really horrifying because the minute it rained or the minute it got windy, all of that pollution just went right into the bay.”
And it wasn’t just rust. Harmful chemicals, lead, hazardous paint and asbestos were all coming off the vessels. Researchers found 20 tons of it had washed off the ships and into the water over the years. It’s an especially big problem because just next to the fleet sits Suisun Marsh — the largest salt marsh in the western United States, and an environmentally sensitive area.
This 2005 photo shows the proximity of the reserve fleet to environmentally sensitive Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)
In 2009, Baykeeper, along with other environmental groups and local water quality regulators, sued in federal court under various environmental laws. They won a settlement to get 57 creaky old ships out of Suisun and off to the scrapyard.
Moving each ship cost about $1 million and involved a 45-day trip behind a seagoing tug. In August, the last of the scrapped ships were hauled away to Brownsville, Texas, where they are broken down and recycled.
Even the top brass at the U.S. Maritime Administration, known as MARAD, which manages the fleet, agrees it was overdue.
“The first ships that left, the first two dozen — someone said we should’ve put them out of their misery years ago. We couldn’t have reactivated them ever if we needed to,” says MARAD executive director Joel Szabat. “We needed to find a way to get rid of them.”
The whole project cost about $57 million, but a MARAD official says they recouped about $30 million by selling the scrap metal.
The Petersburg (foreground) is the newest addition to the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet. The Navy tanker is part of the “Ready Reserve,” meaning it can deploy quickly if needed. (Craig Miller/KQED)
Today’s Fleet
Though much smaller than it once was, the Ghost Fleet isn’t going away entirely. Today, only nine ships remain, plus the barge used as an office and maintenance base.
While it seems highly unlikely that we’ll ever see hundreds — or even the dozens of ships that reposed here less than 10 years ago — new ships can be added to the fleet. MARAD recently added a Navy tanker that’s part of the “Ready Reserve.” The Petersburg could be turned around in a few days if called back to duty, and a skeleton crew lives on board.
The remaining ships are outfitted with screens and filters to keep pollutants out of the bay, and MARAD now regularly tests the water quality.
A satellite view of the fleet in 2009 (left) and 2017. (Planet)
So what did Steve Yeager, the listener who asked us about the fleet, think of our answer? He’s glad the environmental issues have been addressed, and doesn’t mind that a few ships are hanging around for the next generation to see out of the car window on trips up Interstate 680.
“My kids will ask me the same questions, but I’ll have a little more information now that I can tell them,” he says.
Watch this KQED video segment from 2008, when there were still more than 70 ships in Suisun Bay:
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