Wounded Yellow Robe, Henry Standing Bear and Timber Yellow Robe before and after their Pennsylvania boarding school gave them “proper” clothes and haircuts. (John N. Choate/Dickinson College Archives & Special Collections)
Many Californians have reacted to the separation of families at the border with outrage and sadness; with protests, donations and a lawsuit against the federal government. But for some, the story feels especially personal, and familiar.
“I think my first reaction was, ‘Oh my God, this is what my mother went through,’ ” says Connie Reitman. She lives in Sacramento, but grew up on a Pomo Indian rancheria in Lake County.
“It’s not a new story, unfortunately,” Reitman says. It’s a story her mother told her; a story she told her own children, and her grandchildren.
She didn’t hear it all at once. Her mother doled out details gingerly as Reitman was growing up, weighing how much her children were ready for. It took years to tell them.
“All of us would lay in the bed,” Reitman says, “and she would be sewing and she’d tell us about things that happened to her in the boarding school.”
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Her mother was referring to a boarding school for American Indian kids set up by the federal government in the late 1800s. At first she shared positive memories about the place — she talked about learning to sew and cook at the school.
As Reitman got older, the story got darker. “I was like probably about 11 or 12 the first time we heard the part about when she was taken from the family.”
One day in the mid-1920s, when Reitman’s mother was about 5 years old, there was a knock on the door. “It was a federal official that said that my mother had to go to school,” Reitman says.
Chiricahua Apache children arrive at the Carlisle Indian School, which was considered the model for many Native American boarding schools around the country. (National Archives, Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer)
Until the mid-1930s, it was federal policy to assimilate Native Americans by eradicating tribal culture through a boarding school system. As David Wallace Adams writes in “Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience,” “… the white man had concluded that the only way to save Indians was to destroy them, that the last great Indian war should be waged against the children.”
There were 25 of these schools in the United States, including three in California. Federal officials forced parents to release a certain number of children from each reservation — Reitman’s family has never known why her mother was taken while other kids weren’t.
“Not very much was able to be said or done,” Reitman says. “She was just taken.”
Taken from her home in Lake County to Stewart Indian School near Carson City, Nevada, more than 200 miles away.
After Carlisle Indian School training, education at boarding schools was intended to assimilate Native American children, like this group of Chiricahua Apaches at the Carlisle Indian School, into non-Indian society. (National Archives, Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer)
“So my grandmother and my grandfather didn’t know where my mom was,” Reitman says, “and they didn’t really know how to get ahold of her.”
Tens of thousands of kids were put in boarding schools — where a report commissioned by the government described hunger, overcrowding, disease and hard labor.
Cross Lake Boarding School in Minnesota. (National Archives)
“As we got older, she related, you know, how at the school, her hair was cut,” Reitman says. “She was not allowed to talk her language. There was a lot of hunger and abuse.”
Reitman says her mother would get punished for crying because she wanted to go home, “but all she could think of was to get home.”
Reitman’s mother contracted tuberculosis and was sent to a hospital in San Francisco. After two years of treatment, she was allowed to go home. She was 14.
“When my mother came home she was not really accepted — ever really accepted — back into the tribal community because she’d been gone for so long,” Reitman says.
She’d been away about nine years.
The trauma of these experiences shaped her life, but it also shaped Reitman’s. That’s why seeing children separated from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border today feels so personal to her.
It’s why American Indian leaders have come forward to condemn the actions. “It’s a good opportunity for America to be able to relate to what happened to us as tribal people,” Reitman says.
Connie Reitman at the Inter-Tribal Council of California office in Sacramento. (Vanessa Rancaño/KQED)
Reitman is almost 70. She runs the Inter-Tribal Council of California and has dedicated her life to working with tribal communities around this legacy of trauma. She says we can’t heal if we don’t remember our history.
“We don’t want this to keep happening to the families, to children, because we’ve been there, done that, and we know what it’s like,” Reitman says. “These wounds are generational, multigenerational. That’s why we have to tell this story.”
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