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"content": "\u003cp>The global response to COVID-19 has made clear that the fear of contracting disease has an ugly cousin: xenophobia. As the coronavirus has spread from China to other countries, anti-Asian discrimination has followed closely behind, manifesting in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/11/804750392/coronavirus-affects-bottom-line-for-businesses-in-u-s-chinatowns\">plummeting sales at Chinese restaurants\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809741251/san-francisco-chinatown-affected-by-coronavirus-fears-despite-no-confirmed-cases\">near-deserted Chinatown districts\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/us/coronavirus-racist-attacks-against-asian-americans/index.html\">racist bullying\u003c/a> against people perceived to be Chinese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We asked our listeners whether they had experienced this kind of coronavirus-related racism and xenophobia firsthand. And judging by the volume of emails, comments and tweets we got in response, the harassment has been intense for Asian Americans across the country — regardless of ethnicity, location or age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/811363404/811927113\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common theme across our responses: Public transit has been \u003cem>really\u003c/em> hostile. Roger Chiang, who works in San Francisco, recalled a white woman glaring at him on the train to work, covering her nose and mouth. When he told her in a joking tone that he didn’t have the coronavirus, she replied that she “wasn’t racist — she just didn’t want to get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison Park from Brooklyn told us that when visiting D.C., she saw a man making faces at her on the Metro train. She tried to move away from him, but he wouldn’t stop. After a while, she said, he confronted her outright, saying: “Get out of here. Go back to China. I don’t want none of your swine flu here.” A week later, on a Muni train in San Francisco, another man yelled the same thing to her — “Go back to China” — and even threatened to shoot her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a single cough or sneeze can trigger harassment. Amy Jiravisitcul from Boston said a man on a bus muttered about “diseased Chinese people” when she sneezed into her sleeve. When she confronted him, he told her: “Cover your fucking mouth.” When South San Franciscan Diane Tran sneezed into her elbow in a hallway in a hospital, where she was getting a flu shot, she said a middle-aged white woman yelled a racist slur at her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children have been targeted, too — by other children and adults alike. Devin Cabanilla, from Seattle, told us that a Costco food sample vendor told his Korean wife and mixed-race son to “get away” from the samples, questioning whether they had come from China. \u003ca href=\"https://www.insider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-kid-turned-away-food-samples-at-costco-2020-1\">Company executives later apologized\u003c/a> to his family, but he’s still shaken. “It just reminds me that when people look at us, they don’t see us as American,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen-year-old Sara Aalgaard told us that since the outbreak, many middle-school classmates of hers have been targeting the small population of Asian Americans at her school in Middletown, Conn. “People call us ‘corona,’ ” she said, or ask if they eat dogs. Rebecca Wen from North Brunswick, N.J., told us that her 9-year-old son reported that his 11-year-old classmate said: “You’re Chinese, so you must have the coronavirus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anti-Asian harassment isn’t limited to the U.S., either. International outlets have reported harassment in majority-white countries like Australia, where parents in Melbourne\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/28/sensationalist-media-is-exacerbating-racist-coronavirus-fears-we-need-to-combat-it\"> refused to let Asian doctors treat their children\u003c/a>, and Canada, where around 10,000 Toronto-area people signed a petition \u003ca href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/chinese-canadians-denounce-rising-xenophobia-tied-coronavirus-200202191216923.html\">calling for the local school district to track and isolate Chinese-Canadian students\u003c/a> who may have traveled to China for the Lunar New Year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Germany, Thea Suh said that when she sat down on her train to work, the person sitting next to turned away from her and covered his face. A few days later, a woman told her to move her “corona-riddled body” elsewhere. Not once did someone step in to help, she said. “I have also not seen or heard any German politician or major influencer coming to our defenses,” she said. “And I feel like as a part of the so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks\">model minority\u003c/a>, we are being left alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s another common theme from the responses we got: Witnesses and bystanders were slow to intervene. Allison Park remembers that when the man on the D.C. Metro told her to go back to China, the train was nearly two-thirds full, but no one said anything. At best, she got some sympathetic looks. Amy Jiravisitcul said that the other passengers ignored the yelling, which made her wonder whether they thought she was just making a scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the harassment has passed, unease still lingers. Jane Hong from New York told us that when she and a fellow Korean American were walking from lunch, she heard a man screaming “yuck” in their direction. Now, she notices whenever people on the street look at her for more than a passing glance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know if ‘paranoid’ is the word,” Hong said. “Now it’s in my head. I wonder if they are thinking, ‘I have to stay away from her, I don’t want to walk near her.’ Now that the seed has been planted in my head, it’s hard to not have that thought cross my mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"hr\">\u003cem>For more on xenophobia and coronavirus, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">listen to this week’s episode of the Code Switch podcast\u003c/a>\u003cem>. We hear from some of these folks, as well as Erika Lee, a historian at the University of Minnesota who studies history, immigration and epidemics.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a single cough or sneeze can trigger harassment. Amy Jiravisitcul from Boston said a man on a bus muttered about “diseased Chinese people” when she sneezed into her sleeve. When she confronted him, he told her: “Cover your fucking mouth.” When South San Franciscan Diane Tran sneezed into her elbow in a hallway in a hospital, where she was getting a flu shot, she said a middle-aged white woman yelled a racist slur at her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children have been targeted, too — by other children and adults alike. Devin Cabanilla, from Seattle, told us that a Costco food sample vendor told his Korean wife and mixed-race son to “get away” from the samples, questioning whether they had come from China. \u003ca href=\"https://www.insider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-kid-turned-away-food-samples-at-costco-2020-1\">Company executives later apologized\u003c/a> to his family, but he’s still shaken. “It just reminds me that when people look at us, they don’t see us as American,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen-year-old Sara Aalgaard told us that since the outbreak, many middle-school classmates of hers have been targeting the small population of Asian Americans at her school in Middletown, Conn. “People call us ‘corona,’ ” she said, or ask if they eat dogs. Rebecca Wen from North Brunswick, N.J., told us that her 9-year-old son reported that his 11-year-old classmate said: “You’re Chinese, so you must have the coronavirus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anti-Asian harassment isn’t limited to the U.S., either. International outlets have reported harassment in majority-white countries like Australia, where parents in Melbourne\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/28/sensationalist-media-is-exacerbating-racist-coronavirus-fears-we-need-to-combat-it\"> refused to let Asian doctors treat their children\u003c/a>, and Canada, where around 10,000 Toronto-area people signed a petition \u003ca href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/chinese-canadians-denounce-rising-xenophobia-tied-coronavirus-200202191216923.html\">calling for the local school district to track and isolate Chinese-Canadian students\u003c/a> who may have traveled to China for the Lunar New Year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Germany, Thea Suh said that when she sat down on her train to work, the person sitting next to turned away from her and covered his face. A few days later, a woman told her to move her “corona-riddled body” elsewhere. Not once did someone step in to help, she said. “I have also not seen or heard any German politician or major influencer coming to our defenses,” she said. “And I feel like as a part of the so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks\">model minority\u003c/a>, we are being left alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s another common theme from the responses we got: Witnesses and bystanders were slow to intervene. Allison Park remembers that when the man on the D.C. Metro told her to go back to China, the train was nearly two-thirds full, but no one said anything. At best, she got some sympathetic looks. Amy Jiravisitcul said that the other passengers ignored the yelling, which made her wonder whether they thought she was just making a scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the harassment has passed, unease still lingers. Jane Hong from New York told us that when she and a fellow Korean American were walking from lunch, she heard a man screaming “yuck” in their direction. Now, she notices whenever people on the street look at her for more than a passing glance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know if ‘paranoid’ is the word,” Hong said. “Now it’s in my head. I wonder if they are thinking, ‘I have to stay away from her, I don’t want to walk near her.’ Now that the seed has been planted in my head, it’s hard to not have that thought cross my mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"hr\">\u003cem>For more on xenophobia and coronavirus, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">listen to this week’s episode of the Code Switch podcast\u003c/a>\u003cem>. We hear from some of these folks, as well as Erika Lee, a historian at the University of Minnesota who studies history, immigration and epidemics.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Martin Luther King, Jr. was in high school, he won an oratorical contest sponsored by the Negro Elks. He and a beloved teacher were returning home in triumph, riding on a bus, when some white passengers got on. The white bus driver ordered King and his teacher to give up their seats, and cursed them. King wanted to stay seated, but his teacher urged him to obey the law. They had to stand in the aisle for the 90 miles back to Atlanta, Ga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That night will never leave my memory,” King \u003ca href=\"https://playboysfw.kinja.com/martin-luther-king-jr-a-candid-conversation-with-the-n-1502354861\">told\u003c/a> an interviewer, decades later. “It was the angriest I have ever been in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February this year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/688838187/the-other-side-of-anger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR explored the power of anger\u003c/a>. And King is an example of someone who showed a kind of genius for turning that emotion into positive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My father was extremely angry from that incident. So much so that he expressed it later on by saying that he came very dangerously close, at that particular time, to hating all white people,” says Bernice King, who now runs \u003ca href=\"http://thekingcenter.org/\">The King Center\u003c/a> in Atlanta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he grew older, and went to college and theological school, Martin Luther King, Jr. realized that non-violent resistance offered a way to channel anger into positive forms of protest. “If you internalize anger, and you don’t find a channel, it can destroy you,” she says. “That’s why when Daddy reiterated, ‘Hate is too great a burden to bear,’ he knew it was corrosive and erosive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though King became an icon of non-violence and peace, he also inwardly wrestled with anger and, at times, would snap at those he loved. Looking at how King dealt with anger reveals its dual nature—how it can be a motivating force for change, while also containing the potential for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was a young child, seeing his father’s anger had a real impact on King. Once, a white sales clerk told his father that they had to move to the back of a shoe store, rather than being waited on in the front of the shop. “Whereupon he took me by the hand and walked out of the store. This was the first time I had seen Dad so furious,” King later recalled, in a collection of writings called \u003cem>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That experience revealed to me at a very early age that my father had not adjusted to the system, and he played a great part in shaping my conscience,” noted King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King was only 26 years old when he was thrust into a leadership role in the struggle for civil rights. Rosa Parks had just been arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, where King was working as a preacher. King found himself having to speak before thousands of people who had gathered in a mass meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church—and those people were upset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How could I make a speech that would be militant enough to keep my people aroused to positive action and yet moderate enough to keep this fervor within controllable and Christian bounds?” King later \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/mia-mass-meeting-holt-street-baptist-church\">wrote\u003c/a>. “What could I say to keep them courageous and prepared for positive action and yet devoid of hate and resentment? Could the militant and the moderate be combined in a single speech?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told the crowd that the only weapon they would use was the weapon of protest—that they would follow the teachings of Jesus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their resolve was soon tested when someone threw dynamite at King’s house. He rushed home to find that a crowd of his supporters had gathered, and some had weapons. His wife, Coretta Scott King, later wrote in her book \u003cem>My Life, My Love, My Legacy\u003c/em> that the atmosphere “was so rife with tension that if a black man had tripped over a white man, it could have set off a riot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King calmly stood on his front porch, told everyone to go home, and spoke about loving your enemies. “It was a really noble moment,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidgarrow.com/\">David Garrow\u003c/a>, a historian who wrote a biography of King. “Most people would be expressing very intense anger, and he was utterly to the contrary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In private, though, King struggled. He later recalled that that night, he lay awake in bed thinking that his wife and baby could have been killed by the blast. He wrote, “I could feel the anger rising.” But then he caught himself, and thought, “You must not allow yourself to become bitter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He deeply believed in something that almost sounds silly, that almost sounds trite, but he really believed in the power of redemptive love,” says \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/people/clarence-jones\">Clarence Jones\u003c/a>, who worked as an attorney and speechwriter for King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From Dr. King’s standpoint, anger is part of a process that includes anger, forgiveness, redemption and love,” explains Jones. “Because if you only have anger, the anger will paralyze you. You cannot do anything constructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1963, Jones went to see King in jail, in Birmingham, Alabama. Jones was hoping to talk about how to raise bail for the imprisoned protesters, but King was preoccupied with a full-page ad that he had seen in the local newspaper. It was an open letter written by the local white clergymen, and it said King should leave the city. It didn’t have a word about the injustice of segregation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So he was very angry,” recalls Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King’s \u003ca href=\"http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/document_images/undecided/630416-019.pdf\">response\u003c/a>, initially scribbled on the scraps of paper he had in his cell, is the famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. His anger propelled him to write one of the most powerful pieces of persuasive writing ever. He passionately \u003ca href=\"http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/audio/630416001.mp3\">explained\u003c/a> the principles of non-violent protest and the righteous, justifiable anger of African-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say King never just showed irritation or snapped at people. He was, after all, human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, he got angry with people he worked with. But the anger was in the context of respect and love,” says Jones. He says King’s anger was often more like a disappointment that people had misunderstood what his expectations were or weren’t meeting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those episodes became more common in the last months of his life, after years of nonstop tension and work, says Garrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were a number of occasions where King expressed irritation at close friends and staff members,” says Garrow, noting that King was apparently depressed, exhausted, and drinking a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King’s close companion, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/22/622678781/remembering-rev-ralph-david-abernathy-50-years-after-resurrection-city-came-down\">Ralph Abernathy\u003c/a>, has written that on the day he was assassinated, King argued with a female friend, lost his temper, and knocked her across a hotel room bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was more of a shove than a real blow, but for a short man, Martin had a prodigious strength that always surprised me,” Abernathy wrote in his autobiography, \u003cem>And the Walls Came Tumbling Down\u003c/em>. “She leapt up to fight back, and for a moment they were engaged in a full- blown fight, with Martin clearly winning. Then it was all over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many found it shocking to think that King could be physically abusive to anyone, and Abernathy was widely criticized for telling this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.c-span.org/video/?9718-1/and-walls-tumbling-down&start=3447\">interview\u003c/a> with C-SPAN before he died, Abernathy said that King would have wanted him to be honest. “Jesus was a nonviolent personality,” noted Abernathy, “but Jesus became violent on one occasion when he ran the people out of the temple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/clayborne-carson\">Clayborne Carson\u003c/a>, director of the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute at Stanford University, says he doesn’t know if this account about King is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I do recognize that a Martin Luther King can be angry. It would surprise me if that were not the case,” says Carson. “I have no doubt that he got mad. There were many things for him to get mad at. He felt sometimes betrayed by other people. He felt the same kind of impatience that other people felt with the pace of change. All of these things would anger him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says King learned how to use that anger productively. “You could be angry that the system that is oppressing you, but try not to direct that anger towards people who were caught up in that system,” says Carson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the bus boycott in Montgomery, for example, King did occasionally lose his cool with white officials—and quickly regretted it. “I was weighed down by a terrible sense of guilt, remembering that on two or three occasions I had allowed myself to become angry and indignant,” King wrote. “I had spoken hastily and resentfully. Yet I knew that this was no way to solve a problem…you must be willing to suffer the anger of the opponent, and yet not return anger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, he knew, was not always easy. Later, after he had become famous,King had an advice column in \u003cem>Ebony\u003c/em> magazine. Someone once \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/advice-living-0\">asked\u003c/a>, “How can I overcome my bad temper? When I am angry, I say things to those I love that hurt them terribly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King replied that the letter-writer had made an important first step by admitting this weakness. “You should also seek to concentrate on the higher virtue of calmness. You expel a lower vice by concentrating on a higher virtue,” King explained. “A destructive passion is harnessed by directing that same passion into constructive channels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/691298594/696413704\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://NPR.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Martin Luther King Jr. dealt with anger in both his personal life and life's work. He often tried to turn his anger into constructive action, but he did occasionally struggle with that balance.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Martin Luther King, Jr. was in high school, he won an oratorical contest sponsored by the Negro Elks. He and a beloved teacher were returning home in triumph, riding on a bus, when some white passengers got on. The white bus driver ordered King and his teacher to give up their seats, and cursed them. King wanted to stay seated, but his teacher urged him to obey the law. They had to stand in the aisle for the 90 miles back to Atlanta, Ga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That night will never leave my memory,” King \u003ca href=\"https://playboysfw.kinja.com/martin-luther-king-jr-a-candid-conversation-with-the-n-1502354861\">told\u003c/a> an interviewer, decades later. “It was the angriest I have ever been in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February this year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/688838187/the-other-side-of-anger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR explored the power of anger\u003c/a>. And King is an example of someone who showed a kind of genius for turning that emotion into positive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My father was extremely angry from that incident. So much so that he expressed it later on by saying that he came very dangerously close, at that particular time, to hating all white people,” says Bernice King, who now runs \u003ca href=\"http://thekingcenter.org/\">The King Center\u003c/a> in Atlanta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he grew older, and went to college and theological school, Martin Luther King, Jr. realized that non-violent resistance offered a way to channel anger into positive forms of protest. “If you internalize anger, and you don’t find a channel, it can destroy you,” she says. “That’s why when Daddy reiterated, ‘Hate is too great a burden to bear,’ he knew it was corrosive and erosive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though King became an icon of non-violence and peace, he also inwardly wrestled with anger and, at times, would snap at those he loved. Looking at how King dealt with anger reveals its dual nature—how it can be a motivating force for change, while also containing the potential for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was a young child, seeing his father’s anger had a real impact on King. Once, a white sales clerk told his father that they had to move to the back of a shoe store, rather than being waited on in the front of the shop. “Whereupon he took me by the hand and walked out of the store. This was the first time I had seen Dad so furious,” King later recalled, in a collection of writings called \u003cem>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That experience revealed to me at a very early age that my father had not adjusted to the system, and he played a great part in shaping my conscience,” noted King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King was only 26 years old when he was thrust into a leadership role in the struggle for civil rights. Rosa Parks had just been arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, where King was working as a preacher. King found himself having to speak before thousands of people who had gathered in a mass meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church—and those people were upset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How could I make a speech that would be militant enough to keep my people aroused to positive action and yet moderate enough to keep this fervor within controllable and Christian bounds?” King later \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/mia-mass-meeting-holt-street-baptist-church\">wrote\u003c/a>. “What could I say to keep them courageous and prepared for positive action and yet devoid of hate and resentment? Could the militant and the moderate be combined in a single speech?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told the crowd that the only weapon they would use was the weapon of protest—that they would follow the teachings of Jesus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their resolve was soon tested when someone threw dynamite at King’s house. He rushed home to find that a crowd of his supporters had gathered, and some had weapons. His wife, Coretta Scott King, later wrote in her book \u003cem>My Life, My Love, My Legacy\u003c/em> that the atmosphere “was so rife with tension that if a black man had tripped over a white man, it could have set off a riot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King calmly stood on his front porch, told everyone to go home, and spoke about loving your enemies. “It was a really noble moment,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidgarrow.com/\">David Garrow\u003c/a>, a historian who wrote a biography of King. “Most people would be expressing very intense anger, and he was utterly to the contrary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In private, though, King struggled. He later recalled that that night, he lay awake in bed thinking that his wife and baby could have been killed by the blast. He wrote, “I could feel the anger rising.” But then he caught himself, and thought, “You must not allow yourself to become bitter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He deeply believed in something that almost sounds silly, that almost sounds trite, but he really believed in the power of redemptive love,” says \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/people/clarence-jones\">Clarence Jones\u003c/a>, who worked as an attorney and speechwriter for King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From Dr. King’s standpoint, anger is part of a process that includes anger, forgiveness, redemption and love,” explains Jones. “Because if you only have anger, the anger will paralyze you. You cannot do anything constructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1963, Jones went to see King in jail, in Birmingham, Alabama. Jones was hoping to talk about how to raise bail for the imprisoned protesters, but King was preoccupied with a full-page ad that he had seen in the local newspaper. It was an open letter written by the local white clergymen, and it said King should leave the city. It didn’t have a word about the injustice of segregation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So he was very angry,” recalls Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King’s \u003ca href=\"http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/document_images/undecided/630416-019.pdf\">response\u003c/a>, initially scribbled on the scraps of paper he had in his cell, is the famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. His anger propelled him to write one of the most powerful pieces of persuasive writing ever. He passionately \u003ca href=\"http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/audio/630416001.mp3\">explained\u003c/a> the principles of non-violent protest and the righteous, justifiable anger of African-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say King never just showed irritation or snapped at people. He was, after all, human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, he got angry with people he worked with. But the anger was in the context of respect and love,” says Jones. He says King’s anger was often more like a disappointment that people had misunderstood what his expectations were or weren’t meeting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those episodes became more common in the last months of his life, after years of nonstop tension and work, says Garrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were a number of occasions where King expressed irritation at close friends and staff members,” says Garrow, noting that King was apparently depressed, exhausted, and drinking a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King’s close companion, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/22/622678781/remembering-rev-ralph-david-abernathy-50-years-after-resurrection-city-came-down\">Ralph Abernathy\u003c/a>, has written that on the day he was assassinated, King argued with a female friend, lost his temper, and knocked her across a hotel room bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was more of a shove than a real blow, but for a short man, Martin had a prodigious strength that always surprised me,” Abernathy wrote in his autobiography, \u003cem>And the Walls Came Tumbling Down\u003c/em>. “She leapt up to fight back, and for a moment they were engaged in a full- blown fight, with Martin clearly winning. Then it was all over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many found it shocking to think that King could be physically abusive to anyone, and Abernathy was widely criticized for telling this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.c-span.org/video/?9718-1/and-walls-tumbling-down&start=3447\">interview\u003c/a> with C-SPAN before he died, Abernathy said that King would have wanted him to be honest. “Jesus was a nonviolent personality,” noted Abernathy, “but Jesus became violent on one occasion when he ran the people out of the temple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/clayborne-carson\">Clayborne Carson\u003c/a>, director of the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute at Stanford University, says he doesn’t know if this account about King is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I do recognize that a Martin Luther King can be angry. It would surprise me if that were not the case,” says Carson. “I have no doubt that he got mad. There were many things for him to get mad at. He felt sometimes betrayed by other people. He felt the same kind of impatience that other people felt with the pace of change. All of these things would anger him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says King learned how to use that anger productively. “You could be angry that the system that is oppressing you, but try not to direct that anger towards people who were caught up in that system,” says Carson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the bus boycott in Montgomery, for example, King did occasionally lose his cool with white officials—and quickly regretted it. “I was weighed down by a terrible sense of guilt, remembering that on two or three occasions I had allowed myself to become angry and indignant,” King wrote. “I had spoken hastily and resentfully. Yet I knew that this was no way to solve a problem…you must be willing to suffer the anger of the opponent, and yet not return anger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, he knew, was not always easy. Later, after he had become famous,King had an advice column in \u003cem>Ebony\u003c/em> magazine. Someone once \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/advice-living-0\">asked\u003c/a>, “How can I overcome my bad temper? When I am angry, I say things to those I love that hurt them terribly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King replied that the letter-writer had made an important first step by admitting this weakness. “You should also seek to concentrate on the higher virtue of calmness. You expel a lower vice by concentrating on a higher virtue,” King explained. “A destructive passion is harnessed by directing that same passion into constructive channels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/691298594/696413704\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://NPR.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As midterm elections approach, politicians and activists are urging people to get out and vote, especially in places where races are close. One of the demographics they’re most worried about getting to the polls are young voters, who are often seen as uninvolved and/or apathetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the “Knock the Vote” project was created earlier this year by ACRONYM, a DC-based organization that uses social media and targeted digital media programs to push for progressive candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to reach people where they are,” says ACRONYM’S co-founder and CEO Tara McGowan. Where they are, increasingly, are on their cellphones or tablets, so ACRONYM’S videos are designed to be brief online bites that make you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flipping the (racial) script\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s current campaign runs through election day and features quick (30 seconds or so) videos that aim to grab the millennial imagination. And maybe get skinny jeans-wearing behinds out of their bean bag chairs and off to the polls. It’s called Call the Cops, and it has an interesting twist: in these videos, it’s \u003cem>black \u003c/em>people calling the cops on \u003cem>white\u003c/em> ones who are behaving in a socially irresponsible manner: They’re not voting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/j-e6bdv9ATI\">The first video dropped last week\u003c/a> and shows a hipster with a laptop on the patio of a café. He’s staring balefully into his (recyclable) cup:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coffee here sucks,” he mutters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter a beautiful black woman who seats herself opposite him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what else sucks, Todd?” she asks crisply. “Voter suppression!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She goes on to ask Todd if he’s going to vote. Todd says no. The parties don’t represent him, he tells her. “The system’s broken, am I right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quickly she whips out her cell and calls 911 and informs the police Todd doesn’t plan to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Todd responds by asking her to be in his movie.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACRONYM’S Tara McGowan agrees the racial profiling we’ve seen in a lot of real-life videos posted online is nothing to laugh about. “But I do think that tying that to specific engagement, and using your vote to really make a stand about what kind of country you want to live with, and the direction you want this country to go in? I think that can be really powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company approached director Malcolm D. Lee (\u003cem>Night School\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Girls Trip,\u003c/em> \u003cem>The Best Man\u003c/em> movies), and it turned out the timing was right. Lee says he’d been thinking about how to become more involved politically. He’d called his elected officials and vented on social media, but wanted to do more. The idea of a clever plea to young people to vote appealed to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although ACRONYM does have a distinctly leftward lean, McGowan says they are not advocating for specific candidates. “We are not telling you to vote for somebody in particular. … But you gotta vote, you gotta get involved in the process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee sat down with ACRONYM’S creative director, Vince Murphy, who is black and originally suggested the call-the-cops idea. There’s the coffee-swilling hipster, \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/SsNDAqPuRXE\">a suburban mom\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Lg6UHPpXXYk\">a worried black man, played by The Daily Show’s Roy Wood Jr.\u003c/a>, who calls the cops on a group of self-portraitists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Excuse me, have y’all made plans to vote in November?” Wood asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nope,” the young women tell him. They also loftily inform the shocked Wood that not voting isn’t illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he calls 911 to report an emergency. “Three white women taking selfies —triple-selfie in progress! Using filters, emojis, same picture over and over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seduce people with laughter — then slip in the truth \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tara McGowan says most of the responses they’ve received are positive. But even if she gets some negative feedback, she says getting people’s attention is half the battle: “If we elicit an emotional response, we think we’re doing a pretty good job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Director Malcolm Lee is convinced humor is the portal for getting people to think seriously about going to the polls. “Once you get people laughing, their mouths are open — you can slip the truth in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the truth, Lee says, is that midterm elections count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not enough people who vote in the midterms,” he said. “And those that do get their person in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which maybe explains the success of an earlier Knock the Vote campaign, where \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/POiqY4FIfMY\">older voters shrugged off the potential political power of millennials\u003c/a>: \u003cem>young people don’t vote\u003c/em>, they smile. \u003cem>But we do: Every. Single. Election\u003c/em>. The message is clear: you want change? Then go to the polls and vote for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Getting+Out+The+Youth+Vote+With+A+Dash+Of+Snark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As midterm elections approach, politicians and activists are urging people to get out and vote, especially in places where races are close. One of the demographics they’re most worried about getting to the polls are young voters, who are often seen as uninvolved and/or apathetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the “Knock the Vote” project was created earlier this year by ACRONYM, a DC-based organization that uses social media and targeted digital media programs to push for progressive candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to reach people where they are,” says ACRONYM’S co-founder and CEO Tara McGowan. Where they are, increasingly, are on their cellphones or tablets, so ACRONYM’S videos are designed to be brief online bites that make you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flipping the (racial) script\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s current campaign runs through election day and features quick (30 seconds or so) videos that aim to grab the millennial imagination. And maybe get skinny jeans-wearing behinds out of their bean bag chairs and off to the polls. It’s called Call the Cops, and it has an interesting twist: in these videos, it’s \u003cem>black \u003c/em>people calling the cops on \u003cem>white\u003c/em> ones who are behaving in a socially irresponsible manner: They’re not voting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/j-e6bdv9ATI\">The first video dropped last week\u003c/a> and shows a hipster with a laptop on the patio of a café. He’s staring balefully into his (recyclable) cup:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coffee here sucks,” he mutters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter a beautiful black woman who seats herself opposite him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what else sucks, Todd?” she asks crisply. “Voter suppression!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She goes on to ask Todd if he’s going to vote. Todd says no. The parties don’t represent him, he tells her. “The system’s broken, am I right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quickly she whips out her cell and calls 911 and informs the police Todd doesn’t plan to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Todd responds by asking her to be in his movie.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACRONYM’S Tara McGowan agrees the racial profiling we’ve seen in a lot of real-life videos posted online is nothing to laugh about. “But I do think that tying that to specific engagement, and using your vote to really make a stand about what kind of country you want to live with, and the direction you want this country to go in? I think that can be really powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company approached director Malcolm D. Lee (\u003cem>Night School\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Girls Trip,\u003c/em> \u003cem>The Best Man\u003c/em> movies), and it turned out the timing was right. Lee says he’d been thinking about how to become more involved politically. He’d called his elected officials and vented on social media, but wanted to do more. The idea of a clever plea to young people to vote appealed to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although ACRONYM does have a distinctly leftward lean, McGowan says they are not advocating for specific candidates. “We are not telling you to vote for somebody in particular. … But you gotta vote, you gotta get involved in the process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee sat down with ACRONYM’S creative director, Vince Murphy, who is black and originally suggested the call-the-cops idea. There’s the coffee-swilling hipster, \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/SsNDAqPuRXE\">a suburban mom\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Lg6UHPpXXYk\">a worried black man, played by The Daily Show’s Roy Wood Jr.\u003c/a>, who calls the cops on a group of self-portraitists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Excuse me, have y’all made plans to vote in November?” Wood asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nope,” the young women tell him. They also loftily inform the shocked Wood that not voting isn’t illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he calls 911 to report an emergency. “Three white women taking selfies —triple-selfie in progress! Using filters, emojis, same picture over and over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seduce people with laughter — then slip in the truth \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tara McGowan says most of the responses they’ve received are positive. But even if she gets some negative feedback, she says getting people’s attention is half the battle: “If we elicit an emotional response, we think we’re doing a pretty good job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Director Malcolm Lee is convinced humor is the portal for getting people to think seriously about going to the polls. “Once you get people laughing, their mouths are open — you can slip the truth in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the truth, Lee says, is that midterm elections count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not enough people who vote in the midterms,” he said. “And those that do get their person in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which maybe explains the success of an earlier Knock the Vote campaign, where \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/POiqY4FIfMY\">older voters shrugged off the potential political power of millennials\u003c/a>: \u003cem>young people don’t vote\u003c/em>, they smile. \u003cem>But we do: Every. Single. Election\u003c/em>. The message is clear: you want change? Then go to the polls and vote for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Getting+Out+The+Youth+Vote+With+A+Dash+Of+Snark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A love story between a black Army nurse and a white German POW during World War II? You couldn’t make that story up — and Alexis Clark didn’t. The former editor at \u003cem>Town & Country\u003c/em> is an adjunct professor at Columbia University’s School of Journalism. I spoke with her about her new book, \u003cem>Enemies in Love\u003c/em>, and what she learned about hidden Army history and the human heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an edited version of our conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>What was the inspiration for this book, what got you rolling?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was really interested in the military after I found out that I was a distant relative of Colonel Charles Young. He was the highest ranking African-American in the army until his death in 1922. So I just started delving into African-Americans who served in the military. And I discovered a book called \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/G-I-Nightingales-Nurse-Corps-World/dp/0813190797\">G.I. Nightingales\u003c/a>, and it was about World War II nurses. There was a very brief chapter about black women who served in the Army Nurse Corps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when I first learned about Elinor Powell, and a little sentence that said she met and later married a German prisoner of war in Arizona. I was like, “Wait a minute. I need to unpack this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Who was Elinor Powell, and where did she come from?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elinor Elizabeth Powell was from a prominent African-American family from Milton, Mass — a progressive suburb outside of Boston. Her family was one of the few black families to settle there. Her father had served in the Great War. So basically, when she joined the Army, she was going in her father’s footsteps serving her country. There weren’t really any stories of egregious racism in Milton — Elinor was largely shielded from that. She had white friends, and went to white schools, and had a great childhood. So she thought she was doing her patriotic duty enlisting to serve in the war\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>What happened when she was assigned to an intake base in Arizona?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was at Fort Huachuca, about an hour and a half outside Tucson. And it was her first encounter with Jim Crow. The military at the time was entirely segregated, and Arizona functioned under Jim Crow. So this was her first experience seeing “Whites Only” and “Colored” signs. It was this great irony — she is serving her country, fighting a war against fascism and racism — and here she was on the receiving end by her own country! She realized that she couldn’t even get served at certain restaurants; she would be wearing her military uniform and they wouldn’t serve her. Or in some instances, they would tell her, “Well, we’ll bring you the food around back…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>She must have been outraged. Did other black soldiers feel the same way?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was doing my research, I would read various letters that black soldiers wrote to the NAACP, complaining that here they are serving their military and they’re in train stations and they see German POWs use the dining rooms with American guards. But \u003cem>they\u003c/em> didn’t have access. And that was also a shock to the Germans, because in most of their cases, they hadn’t traveled to the United States and they did not encounter African-Americans at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>So how did Elinor and her future husband, Frederick Albert, meet?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They met at a prisoner of war camp in Florence, Arizona. The closest city was Phoenix, which is about an hour and a half away. Frederick was a great cook and a baker, and so his assignment was to work in the mess hall. So when the nurses entered for their meal, he spotted Eleanor and he said it was like he was under a spell. He walked right up to her and said, “You should know my name. I’m the man who’s going to marry you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Whoa! Just like that?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes! And he wasn’t the only one — she felt it, too. The attraction became stronger and stronger. Eventually they had a relationship. Then the war ended, and it was obvious Frederick was going to be shipped back to Europe at some point; he couldn’t stay at Camp Florence forever\u003cem>.\u003c/em> But Frederick and Elinor had a plan. They decided that they should conceive a child, because that was going to be the easiest and quickest way for Frederick to be able to return to the United States, because he would have to support a child. And that’s exactly what happened. So before he was deported, they conceived a child. And then he returned to Germany, and she returned home to Milton, pregnant and unmarried\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>I’m sure that was hugely popular with her family!\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, her father had died a few years before that, but her mother was very proper and she was not happy at all! She thought Elinor was being conned — that Frederick just wanted sex or a green card. But eventually he got permission to return, and they planned a small wedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Was that the beginning of their Happily Ever After?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly. When Frederick moved to the United States to marry Elinor and then start a family together, they struggled. They moved to Boston. They tried to find apartments, find work. As a mixed couple, no one wanted to live next to them; it was hard to get a lease. It was hard for him to find employment because he was German. (Remember, this was right after the war.) And Elinor knew that he was from a wealthy family, and she feared that he would regret his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>So at some point, the whole family went to Germany, because they thought that would be easier?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. Frederick’s father had done well after the war, and Frederick was positioned to take over his father’s engineering firm. And that’s what they did\u003cem>. \u003c/em>But it was not easy on Elinor.People were pointing, taunting her when she was walking down the street. She remembers that a man dropped his groceries when he saw her and the fruit just rolled down the lane. He couldn’t believe it! She said she felt like an animal in a zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>How did she fare with his family? After all, she was black and American, and this was a country where a lot of people believed in Hitler’s Master Race theory….\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother was very unkind. She didn’t speak fluent English, and she showed her displeasure by screaming at Elinor in German often. Frederick would watch his mother berate his wife, but he didn’t do anything\u003cem>.\u003c/em> He was not an aggressive man. He knew Elinor was very unhappy; they realized Germany wasn’t going to work. So they returned to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They started off in Morton, a suburb of Philadelphia. And they couldn’t enroll their son in the school that’s in their neighborhood \u003cem>— \u003c/em>the principal suggested the colored school nearby. So Eleanor pitched a fit and approached the NAACP. At the time, she had to go ahead and put her son in school. But I did see a newspaper clip, and eventually they desegregated the school that they wanted her son to originally attend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Did the family stay in Morton?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family moved a lot, trying to find a place that would accept them. Finally they find a community called Village Creek, in South Norwalk, Conn. Frederick got a job at Pepperidge Farms, the baking company. And it literally was a neighborhood that said it’s a prejudice-free zone. So mixed couples, Jewish couples, artists, gays, you name it — they were welcome there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where they settled\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The only thing that was difficult is that Eleanor and Frederick really didn’t bring up race with their children. So the boys had identity problems. Their older child had to undergo a lot of hardship because of their decision to be together, despite the fact that society was against them\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>What did you learn from researching and writing this book?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I learned that black women served this country during World War II. And I learned about their struggles to be even \u003cem>admitted\u003c/em> into the Army Nurse Corps. With that came a strict quota, even though there were nursing shortages. Even though President Roosevelt threatened to \u003cem>draft\u003c/em> nurses in January 1944 and 1945, the Army rejected thousands of qualified black nurses! They wanted to enlist and they weren’t able to. That was another piece that I found illuminating about the role that blacks have played in the military. And then you have this ‘Love Conquers All’ story between Elinor and Frederick — twenty years before \u003cem>Loving v. Virginia\u003c/em> was decided by the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Happens+When+Two+Enemies+Fall+In+Love%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A love story between a black Army nurse and a white German POW during World War II? You couldn’t make that story up — and Alexis Clark didn’t. The former editor at \u003cem>Town & Country\u003c/em> is an adjunct professor at Columbia University’s School of Journalism. I spoke with her about her new book, \u003cem>Enemies in Love\u003c/em>, and what she learned about hidden Army history and the human heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an edited version of our conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>What was the inspiration for this book, what got you rolling?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was really interested in the military after I found out that I was a distant relative of Colonel Charles Young. He was the highest ranking African-American in the army until his death in 1922. So I just started delving into African-Americans who served in the military. And I discovered a book called \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/G-I-Nightingales-Nurse-Corps-World/dp/0813190797\">G.I. Nightingales\u003c/a>, and it was about World War II nurses. There was a very brief chapter about black women who served in the Army Nurse Corps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when I first learned about Elinor Powell, and a little sentence that said she met and later married a German prisoner of war in Arizona. I was like, “Wait a minute. I need to unpack this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Who was Elinor Powell, and where did she come from?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elinor Elizabeth Powell was from a prominent African-American family from Milton, Mass — a progressive suburb outside of Boston. Her family was one of the few black families to settle there. Her father had served in the Great War. So basically, when she joined the Army, she was going in her father’s footsteps serving her country. There weren’t really any stories of egregious racism in Milton — Elinor was largely shielded from that. She had white friends, and went to white schools, and had a great childhood. So she thought she was doing her patriotic duty enlisting to serve in the war\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>What happened when she was assigned to an intake base in Arizona?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was at Fort Huachuca, about an hour and a half outside Tucson. And it was her first encounter with Jim Crow. The military at the time was entirely segregated, and Arizona functioned under Jim Crow. So this was her first experience seeing “Whites Only” and “Colored” signs. It was this great irony — she is serving her country, fighting a war against fascism and racism — and here she was on the receiving end by her own country! She realized that she couldn’t even get served at certain restaurants; she would be wearing her military uniform and they wouldn’t serve her. Or in some instances, they would tell her, “Well, we’ll bring you the food around back…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>She must have been outraged. Did other black soldiers feel the same way?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was doing my research, I would read various letters that black soldiers wrote to the NAACP, complaining that here they are serving their military and they’re in train stations and they see German POWs use the dining rooms with American guards. But \u003cem>they\u003c/em> didn’t have access. And that was also a shock to the Germans, because in most of their cases, they hadn’t traveled to the United States and they did not encounter African-Americans at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>So how did Elinor and her future husband, Frederick Albert, meet?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They met at a prisoner of war camp in Florence, Arizona. The closest city was Phoenix, which is about an hour and a half away. Frederick was a great cook and a baker, and so his assignment was to work in the mess hall. So when the nurses entered for their meal, he spotted Eleanor and he said it was like he was under a spell. He walked right up to her and said, “You should know my name. I’m the man who’s going to marry you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Whoa! Just like that?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes! And he wasn’t the only one — she felt it, too. The attraction became stronger and stronger. Eventually they had a relationship. Then the war ended, and it was obvious Frederick was going to be shipped back to Europe at some point; he couldn’t stay at Camp Florence forever\u003cem>.\u003c/em> But Frederick and Elinor had a plan. They decided that they should conceive a child, because that was going to be the easiest and quickest way for Frederick to be able to return to the United States, because he would have to support a child. And that’s exactly what happened. So before he was deported, they conceived a child. And then he returned to Germany, and she returned home to Milton, pregnant and unmarried\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>I’m sure that was hugely popular with her family!\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, her father had died a few years before that, but her mother was very proper and she was not happy at all! She thought Elinor was being conned — that Frederick just wanted sex or a green card. But eventually he got permission to return, and they planned a small wedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Was that the beginning of their Happily Ever After?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly. When Frederick moved to the United States to marry Elinor and then start a family together, they struggled. They moved to Boston. They tried to find apartments, find work. As a mixed couple, no one wanted to live next to them; it was hard to get a lease. It was hard for him to find employment because he was German. (Remember, this was right after the war.) And Elinor knew that he was from a wealthy family, and she feared that he would regret his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>So at some point, the whole family went to Germany, because they thought that would be easier?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. Frederick’s father had done well after the war, and Frederick was positioned to take over his father’s engineering firm. And that’s what they did\u003cem>. \u003c/em>But it was not easy on Elinor.People were pointing, taunting her when she was walking down the street. She remembers that a man dropped his groceries when he saw her and the fruit just rolled down the lane. He couldn’t believe it! She said she felt like an animal in a zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>How did she fare with his family? After all, she was black and American, and this was a country where a lot of people believed in Hitler’s Master Race theory….\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother was very unkind. She didn’t speak fluent English, and she showed her displeasure by screaming at Elinor in German often. Frederick would watch his mother berate his wife, but he didn’t do anything\u003cem>.\u003c/em> He was not an aggressive man. He knew Elinor was very unhappy; they realized Germany wasn’t going to work. So they returned to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They started off in Morton, a suburb of Philadelphia. And they couldn’t enroll their son in the school that’s in their neighborhood \u003cem>— \u003c/em>the principal suggested the colored school nearby. So Eleanor pitched a fit and approached the NAACP. At the time, she had to go ahead and put her son in school. But I did see a newspaper clip, and eventually they desegregated the school that they wanted her son to originally attend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Did the family stay in Morton?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family moved a lot, trying to find a place that would accept them. Finally they find a community called Village Creek, in South Norwalk, Conn. Frederick got a job at Pepperidge Farms, the baking company. And it literally was a neighborhood that said it’s a prejudice-free zone. So mixed couples, Jewish couples, artists, gays, you name it — they were welcome there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where they settled\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The only thing that was difficult is that Eleanor and Frederick really didn’t bring up race with their children. So the boys had identity problems. Their older child had to undergo a lot of hardship because of their decision to be together, despite the fact that society was against them\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>What did you learn from researching and writing this book?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I learned that black women served this country during World War II. And I learned about their struggles to be even \u003cem>admitted\u003c/em> into the Army Nurse Corps. With that came a strict quota, even though there were nursing shortages. Even though President Roosevelt threatened to \u003cem>draft\u003c/em> nurses in January 1944 and 1945, the Army rejected thousands of qualified black nurses! They wanted to enlist and they weren’t able to. That was another piece that I found illuminating about the role that blacks have played in the military. And then you have this ‘Love Conquers All’ story between Elinor and Frederick — twenty years before \u003cem>Loving v. Virginia\u003c/em> was decided by the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Happens+When+Two+Enemies+Fall+In+Love%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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